Memory after visual search: Overlapping phonology, shared meaning, and bilingual experience influence what we remember

Online mouse cursor trajectories distinguish phonological activation by linguistic and nonlinguistic sounds

“…Nevertheless, participants’ trajectories diverged markedly between environmental sounds in Experiments 2 and 4 as compared with spoken words in Experiments 1 and 3 . These results are compatible with Kukona ( 2021 ) and Marian et al ( 2021 ), who likewise observed that environmental sounds did not generate phonological competition. These results also add to their (i.e., eye tracking and recognition) findings by demonstrating related (i.e., null) effects on participants’ continuous behavioural (i.e., mouse cursor) dynamics.…”

“…On the other hand, the current results suggest that online mouse cursor tracking is as sensitive to the moment-by-moment dynamics of language processing as lab-based methods (e.g., Allopenna et al, 1998;Huettig & McQueen, 2007;McQueen & Viebahn, 2007;Spivey et al, 2005), transcending this noise. Moreover, beyond mere non-significance or noise, the current Bayes factors also provide evidence against phonological competition during nonlinguistic auditory stimuli, complementing Kukona (2021) and Marian et al (2021), and providing new insights based on continuous behavioural dynamics.…”

“…Relatedly, Kukona (2021) examined contextual influences and observed phonological competition when participants heard environmental sounds interleaved among spoken words, but not when they only heard environmental sounds. Moreover, as a point of comparison, semantic competition (e.g., activation of a semantically related bone when hearing barking) has been observed consistently across studies (e.g., Bartolotti et al, 2020;Marian et al, 2021;Toon & Kukona, 2020), unlike phonological competition. Rather, these findings may support Spence (2011, 2018a), who hypothesized that environmental sounds directly activate conceptual knowledge without needing to engage linguistic knowledge, contrasting with spoken words.…”

“…However, recent findings also raise important questions about these insights. Marian et al ( 2021 ) added a subsequent retrieval phase to Bartolotti et al’s ( 2020 ) task and observed phonological competition (i.e., in recognition accuracy) for spoken words, but not environmental sounds. Relatedly, Kukona ( 2021 ) examined contextual influences and observed phonological competition when participants heard environmental sounds interleaved among spoken words, but not when they only heard environmental sounds.…”

Predictors of language proficiency and cultural identification in heritage bilinguals

“…Participants included 133 heritage speakers who acquired a non-English native language first and English second, and who rated English as more proficient than their native language on the Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q; Marian et al, 2007). Data were compiled from previous studies conducted in our lab between 2011 and 2022 (i.e., secondary data analysis; Bartolotti et al, 2011;Chabal et al, 2015Chabal et al, , 2022Freeman et al, 2016Freeman et al, , 2022Shook and Marian, 2016;Chen et al, 2017;Marian et al, 2018Marian et al, , 2021Hayakawa et al, 2020). Participants' mean age at the time of testing was 23.97 (SD = 6.24), and 67% were female.…”