Memory assessment in neuropsychology: Theoretical considerations and practical utility

Loring, David W.; Papanicolaou, Andrew C.

doi:10.1080/01688638708405055

Cited by 95 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Some may argue that the selective reminding procedures, as used in this study, are not comparable to other measures of episodic memory, because they rely on feedback that is tailored to the individual, that is, only a portion of the list that was not immediately recalled is presented for learning. Therefore, decline on the SRT may be related to executive compromise and not exclusively to the ability to remember words (Loring & Papanicolaou, 1987). However, in prodromal AD, early executive compromise has been noted by others ) and may explain why SRT procedures were useful in distinguishing our CDR0 subjects who subsequently declined.…”

Section: Dm Rentz Et Almentioning

confidence: 94%

Intelligence quotient–adjusted memory impairment is associated with abnormal single photon emission computed tomography perfusion

Rentz

Huh

Sardinha

et al. 2007

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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Cognitive reserve among highly intelligent older individuals makes detection of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) difficult. We tested the hypothesis that mild memory impairment determined by IQ-adjusted norms is associated with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion abnormality at baseline and predictive of future decline. Twenty-three subjects with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0, were reclassified after scores were adjusted for IQ into two groups, 10 as having mild memory impairments for ability (IQ-MI) and 13 as memory-normal (IQ-MN). Subjects underwent cognitive and functional assessments at baseline and annual follow-up for 3 years. Perfusion SPECT was acquired at baseline. At follow-up, the IQ-MI subjects demonstrated decline in memory, visuospatial processing, and phonemic fluency, and 6 of 10 had progressed to a CDR of 0.5, while the IQ-MN subjects did not show decline. The IQ-MI group had significantly lower perfusion than the IQ-MN group in parietal0precuneus, temporal, and opercular frontal regions. In contrast, higher perfusion was observed in IQ-MI compared with IQ-MN in the left medial frontal and rostral anterior cingulate regions. IQ-adjusted memory impairment in individuals with high cognitive reserve is associated with baseline SPECT abnormality in a pattern consistent with prodromal AD and predicts subsequent cognitive and functional decline. (JINS, 2007, 13, 821-831.)

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Section: Dm Rentz Et Almentioning

confidence: 94%

Intelligence quotient–adjusted memory impairment is associated with abnormal single photon emission computed tomography perfusion

Rentz

Huh

Sardinha

et al. 2007

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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“…8,9 When the scale was subsequently formally revised, significant problems were quickly identified with the WMS-R, 10 although the increased normative information was a significant improvement. The WMS-III addressed many WMS-R concerns, but clinical experience after its release failed to replicate the factor structure reported at publication.…”

Section: Wechsler Memory Scale-fourth Edi-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the limits

Loring¹,

Bauer²

2010

Neurology

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The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) are 2 of the most common psychological tests used in clinical care and research in neurology. Newly revised versions of both instruments (WAIS-IV and WMS-IV) have recently been published and are increasingly being adopted by the neuropsychology community. There have been significant changes in the structure and content of both scales, leading to the potential for inaccurate patient classification if algorithms developed using their predecessors are employed. There are presently insufficient clinical data in neurologic populations to insure their appropriate application to neuropsychological evaluations. We provide a perspective on these important new neuropsychological instruments, comment on the pressures to adopt these tests in the absence of an appropriate evidence base supporting their incremental validity, and describe the potential negative impact on both patient care and continuing research applications. Neurology Characterizing cognitive abilities is an important part of the comprehensive neurologic workup in many patient populations (e.g., dementia, traumatic brain injury, movement disorders, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis). In these settings, neuropsychological performance is used to identify procedure-related risk factors, cognitive disease effects, or to measure the benefits or adverse events associated with various therapies. Neuropsychologists rely heavily on standardized measures of IQ and memory when making their diagnostic formulations.Like new software releases, psychological test revisions purportedly offer important improvements over previous versions. Test revisions permit modification of test material to allow for content updating to reflect current models of cognitive function, to improve psychometric test properties and operating characteristics, or simply to make test administration and scoring easier. Test revision also insures that there has been no upward drift in test scores over time, and that "average" test performance across the population for tests such as the Wechsler scales remains at 100. 1In North America, the most common IQ and memory tests are the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS).2 Recent revisions of these popular instruments (i.e., WAIS-IV/WMS-IV) were published in 2008/2009, and are increasingly being adopted. As with previous WAIS/WMS revisions, there have been substantial changes including scale indices and subtest content and administration.Revisions of these scales have important effects on test usage and applicability in clinical and research settings. We describe how the recently revised WAIS and WMS may impact users and consumers of these instruments. WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE-FOURTH EDITIONDecades of research have demonstrated that the verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) scores derived from the Wechsler IQ scales are

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“…However, as Loring and Papanicolaou (1987) point out, our constructs of cognitive operations should not be based solely on tests sensitive to brain damage. In other words, although the CRM renders discriminating data, we are not yet certain if it measures memory, attention, visual perception, a combination of these, or other cognitive operations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%