Memory CD4+ T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases

Raphael, Itay; Joern, Rachel Robinson; Forsthuber, Thomas G.

doi:10.3390/cells9030531

Cited by 140 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 213 publications

(280 reference statements)

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“…The central infiltration level of CD4 + cells reflects the degree of immune activation during the onset of MS (Raphael et al, 2020). Our immunohistochemical staining showed that early-life ETS exposure promoted the infiltration of CD4 + cells in the spinal cord of EAE rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Aggravates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Adult Rats

Wang

Zhong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Although substantial evidence supports smoking as a risk factor for the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) in adulthood, it remains controversial as to whether early-life exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increases the risk of MS later in life. Here, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as an animal model for MS, we show that exposing neonatal rats during the 1st week (ETS1-EAE), but not the 2nd week (ETS2-EAE) and the 3rd week (ETS3-EAE) after birth, increased the severity of EAE in adulthood in comparison to pups exposed to filtered compressed air (AIR-EAE). The EST1-EAE rats showed a worse neurological deficit score and a significant increase in CD4+ cell infiltration, demyelination, and axonal injury in the spinal cord compared to AIR-EAE, ETS2-EAE, and ETS3-EAE groups. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the ETS1 group had decreased numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells and increased effector T (Teff) cells in the brain and spinal cord. The expressions of Treg upstream regulator Foxp3 and downstream cytokines such as IL-10 were also altered accordingly. Together, these findings demonstrate that neonatal ETS exposure suppresses Treg functions and aggravates the severity of EAE, confirming early-life exposure to EST as a potential risk factor for multiple sclerosis in adulthood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Aggravates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Adult Rats

Wang

Zhong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Meanwhile, CD4 ? T cells can not only kill tumor cells by the cytokines that they secrete, such as TNF-a, but also directly destroy tumors by recognizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of tumor cells (Raphael et al 2020;Haabeth et al 2014). Therefore, selectively silencing specific tumor-related genes by DNAzyme can be used to directly or indirectly activate the adaptive immune of the body for enhanced antitumor effect.…”

Section: Dnazyme-based Nanoplatform For Immunogene Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances of DNAzyme-based nanotherapeutic platform in cancer gene therapy

Huo

Wang

et al. 2020

Biophys Rep

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Deoxyribozyme (or denoted as DNAzyme), which is produced by in vitro screening technology, has gained extensive research interest in the field of biomedicine due to its high catalytic activity and structure identification. This review introduces the structural characteristics of RNA-cleaving DNAzyme and its application potential in cancer gene therapy, which plays a significant role in cancer-related gene inactivation by specifically cleaving target mRNA and inhibiting the expression of the corresponding protein. However, the low delivery efficiency and cellular uptake hindered the widespread usage of DNAzyme in gene therapy of cancers. Emerging nanotechnology holds great promise for DNAzyme to overcome these obstacles. This review mainly focuses on DNAzyme-based nanotherapeutic platforms in gene therapy of cancers, including oncogene antagonism therapy, treatment resistance gene therapy, immunogene therapy, and antiangiogenesis gene therapy. We also revealed the potential of DNAzyme-based nanotherapeutic platforms as emerging cancer therapy approaches and their security issues.

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“…Different models exist to explain the origin and development of memory T cells after a pathogen challenge but the overall development is not fully understood yet [ 21 , 22 ]. It is still unclear whether T RM cells and circulating memory T cells originate from the same precursor cell subset.…”

Section: Phenotype and Development Of T Rm Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in the Liver—Unique Characteristics of Local Specialists

Bartsch

Damasio

Subudhi

et al. 2020

Cells

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T cells play an important role to build up an effective immune response and are essential in the eradication of pathogens. To establish a long-lasting protection even after a re-challenge with the same pathogen, some T cells differentiate into memory T cells. Recently, a certain subpopulation of memory T cells at different tissue-sites of infection was detected—tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells). These cells can patrol in the tissue in order to encounter their cognate antigen to establish an effective protection against secondary infection. The liver as an immunogenic organ is exposed to a variety of pathogens entering the liver through the systemic blood circulation or via the portal vein from the gut. It could be shown that intrahepatic TRM cells can reside within the liver tissue for several years. Interestingly, hepatic TRM cell differentiation requires a distinct cytokine milieu. In addition, TRM cells express specific surface markers and transcription factors, which allow their identification delimited from their circulating counterparts. It could be demonstrated that liver TRM cells play a particular role in many liver diseases such as hepatitis B and C infection, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and even play a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and in building long-lasting immune responses after vaccination. A better understanding of intrahepatic TRM cells is critical to understand the pathophysiology of many liver diseases and to identify new potential drug targets for the development of novel treatment strategies.

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Memory CD4+ T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases

Cited by 140 publications

References 213 publications

Early Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Aggravates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Adult Rats

Early Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Aggravates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Adult Rats

Recent advances of DNAzyme-based nanotherapeutic platform in cancer gene therapy

Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in the Liver—Unique Characteristics of Local Specialists

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