Memory for scenes: Refixations reflect retrieval

Holm, Linus; Mäntylä, Timo

doi:10.3758/bf03193500

Cited by 43 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…Consistent with previous findings of gaze reinstatement (Bone et al, 2018;Foulsham & Kingstone, 2013;Holm & Mäntylä, 2007;Johansson & Johansson, 2013;Kumcu & Thompson, 2018;Laeng et al, 2014;Scholz et al, 2016; for review, see Wynn, Shen, et al, 2019), retrievalrelated EMs were more similar to the EMs enacted during encoding of the same (old) or similar (lure) image than to the EMs enacted during encoding of other images, suggesting that they reflect image-specific memory. In line with our predictions, gaze reinstatement was significantly greater than chance at all levels of test probe degradation, indicating that given an incomplete cue, EMs facilitate reactivation of a specific item representation from memory.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…For example, whereas fixed viewing impairs memory (Armson, Ryan, & Levine, 2019;Bochynska & Laeng, 2015;Henderson, Williams, & Falk, 2005;Johansson, Holsanova, Dewhurst, & Holmqvist, 2012;Johansson & Johansson, 2013), spontaneous gaze shifts to regions corresponding with previously encoded (i.e., viewed) image features has been shown to facilitate reactivation of those features and the relations among them (Noton & Stark, 1971a, 1971b; for review, see Wynn, Shen, et al, 2019). Reinstatement of encoding-related EMs, or gaze reinstatement, during memory maintenance (Olsen, Chiew, Buchsbaum, & Ryan, 2014;Wynn, Olsen, Binns, Buchsbaum, & Ryan, 2018) and retrieval (Damiano & Walther, 2019;Holm & Mäntylä, 2007;Laeng & Teodorescu, 2002;Wynn et al, 2016) has been associated with mnemonic performance across a variety of tasks. Even in the absence of visual input, humans spontaneously direct their gaze to image regions previously inspected during encoding (i.e., "looking at nothing"), and this gaze reinstatement has been correlated with explicit measures of memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye movements support behavioral pattern completion

Wynn

Ryan

Buchsbaum

2019

Preprint

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The ability to recall a detailed event from a simple reminder is supported by pattern completion, a cognitive operation performed by the hippocampus wherein existing mnemonic representations are retrieved from incomplete input. In behavioral studies, pattern completion is often inferred through the false endorsement of lure (i.e., similar) items as old. However, evidence that such a response is due to the specific retrieval of a similar, previously encoded item is severely lacking.We used eye movement (EM) monitoring during a partial-cue recognition memory task to index reinstatement of lure images behaviorally via the recapitulation of encoding-related EMs or, gaze reinstatement. Participants reinstated encoding-related EMs following degraded retrieval cues and this reinstatement was negatively correlated with accuracy for lure images, suggesting that retrieval of existing representations (i.e., pattern completion) underlies lure false alarms. Our findings provide novel evidence linking gaze reinstatement and pattern completion and advance a functional role for EMs in memory retrieval. EYE MOVEMENT PATTERN COMPLETION

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements support behavioral pattern completion

Wynn

Ryan

Buchsbaum

2019

Preprint

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“…As discussed later, this unexpected finding could reflect ERS in eye movement patterns (Holm & Mäntylä, 2007; Laeng & Teodorescu, 2002). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…One possible explanation is that item-ERS in this region reflects ERS in eye movements and that this similarity enhanced memory. Consistent with this idea, eye movement studies have shown ERS in eye movement patterns is associated with better memory (Holm & Mäntylä, 2007) and that participants reinstate encoding eye movements during retrieval, even during free recall (Laeng & Teodorescu, 2002). If confirmed, this effect would add to growing evidence for the role of eye movements in visual memory (for a review, see Hannula et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Reinstatement of Individual Past Events Revealed by the Similarity of Distributed Activation Patterns during Encoding and Retrieval

Wing

Ritchey

Cabeza

2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

161

138

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Neurobiological memory models assume memory traces are stored in neocortex, with pointers in the hippocampus, and are then reactivated during retrieval, yielding the experience of remembering. Whereas most prior neuroimaging studies on reactivation have focused on the reactivation of sets or categories of items, the current study sought to identify cortical patterns pertaining to memory for individual scenes. During encoding, participants viewed pictures of scenes paired with matching labels (e.g., “barn,” “tunnel”), and, during retrieval, they recalled the scenes in response to the labels and rated the quality of their visual memories. Using representational similarity analyses, we interrogated the similarity between activation patterns during encoding and retrieval both at the item level (individual scenes) and the set level (all scenes). The study yielded four main findings. First, in occipitotemporal cortex, memory success increased with encoding-retrieval similarity (ERS) at the item level but not at the set level, indicating the reactivation of individual scenes. Second, in ventrolateral pFC, memory increased with ERS for both item and set levels, indicating the recapitulation of memory processes that benefit encoding and retrieval of all scenes. Third, in retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex, ERS was sensitive to individual scene information irrespective of memory success, suggesting automatic activation of scene contexts. Finally, consistent with neurobiological models, hippocampal activity during encoding predicted the subsequent reactivation of individual items. These findings show the promise of studying memory with greater specificity by isolating individual mnemonic representations and determining their relationship to factors like the detail with which past events are remembered.

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“…The prediction of an association between mental imagery content and concurrent oculomotor movements is by no means a novel one, and it has received empirical support dating back several decades (Brandt and Stark, 1997; Spivey and Geng, 2001; Laeng and Teodorescu, 2002; Johansson et al, 2006; Holm and Mäntylä, 2007; Ryan et al, 2007; Hannula and Ranganath, 2009; Williams and Woodman, 2010; Johansson and Johansson, 2014; Martarelli et al, 2016). In a direct comparison between visual inspection and mental visualization, repetitive sequences of fixation across diagrammatic checkerboard stimuli were recorded and analyzed in relation to the scanpaths observed during mental imagery of the same stimuli (Brandt and Stark, 1997).…”

Section: Exploration and Evaluation Of Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Object Recognition in Mental Representations: Directions for Exploring Diagnostic Features through Visual Mental Imagery

Roldan

2017

Front. Psychol.

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One of the fundamental goals of object recognition research is to understand how a cognitive representation produced from the output of filtered and transformed sensory information facilitates efficient viewer behavior. Given that mental imagery strongly resembles perceptual processes in both cortical regions and subjective visual qualities, it is reasonable to question whether mental imagery facilitates cognition in a manner similar to that of perceptual viewing: via the detection and recognition of distinguishing features. Categorizing the feature content of mental imagery holds potential as a reverse pathway by which to identify the components of a visual stimulus which are most critical for the creation and retrieval of a visual representation. This review will examine the likelihood that the information represented in visual mental imagery reflects distinctive object features thought to facilitate efficient object categorization and recognition during perceptual viewing. If it is the case that these representational features resemble their sensory counterparts in both spatial and semantic qualities, they may well be accessible through mental imagery as evaluated through current investigative techniques. In this review, methods applied to mental imagery research and their findings are reviewed and evaluated for their efficiency in accessing internal representations, and implications for identifying diagnostic features are discussed. An argument is made for the benefits of combining mental imagery assessment methods with diagnostic feature research to advance the understanding of visual perceptive processes, with suggestions for avenues of future investigation.

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Memory for scenes: Refixations reflect retrieval

Cited by 43 publications

References 61 publications

Eye movements support behavioral pattern completion

Eye movements support behavioral pattern completion

Reinstatement of Individual Past Events Revealed by the Similarity of Distributed Activation Patterns during Encoding and Retrieval

Object Recognition in Mental Representations: Directions for Exploring Diagnostic Features through Visual Mental Imagery

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