MEMS-based lidar for autonomous driving

Yoo, Han Woong; Druml, Norbert; Brunner, David O.; Schwarzl, Christian; Thurner, Thomas; Hennecke, Marcus; Schitter, Georg

doi:10.1007/s00502-018-0635-2

Cited by 138 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Moreover, the VCSEL beamwidth is small and directional. Thus, combination with additional beam controllers, such as rotary motors 16 , micromirrors 45,46 , optical phased array www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ (OPA) [47][48][49] , and liquid crystal (LC) based beam steerers 50 , is expected to pave the way for future angle-dependent ranging and high-resolution 3D imaging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hetero-integration enables fast switching time-of-flight sensors for light detection and ranging

Park

Baek

Dinare

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The time-of-flight (ToF) principle is a method used to measure distance and construct three-dimensional (3D) images by detecting the time or the phase difference between emitted and back-reflected optical flux. The ToF principle has been employed for various applications including light ranging and detection (LiDAR), machine vision and biomedical engineering; however, bulky system size and slow switching speed have hindered the widespread application of ToF technology. To alleviate these issues, a demonstration of hetero-integration of GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and GaAs-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) on a single platform via a cold-welding method was performed. The hetero-integrated ToF sensors show superior switching performance when compared to silicon-transistor-based systems, miniaturizing size and exhibiting stable ranging and high-resolution depth-imaging. This hetero-integrated system of dissimilar material-based highperformance devices suggests a new pathway towards enabling high-resolution 3D imaging and inspires broader range application of heterogeneously integrated electronics and optoelectronics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hetero-integration enables fast switching time-of-flight sensors for light detection and ranging

Park

Baek

Dinare

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The mirrors or prisms used may be either rotating or oscillating, or may be polygon mirrors. This is the most popular scanning solution for many commercial lidar sensors, as it provides straight and parallel scan lines with a uniform scanning speed over a vast FOV [52,53], or angularly equispaced concentric data lines. In rotating mirrors, the second dimension is usually obtained by adding more sources and/or detectors to measure different angular directions simultaneously.…”

Section: (A) Mechanical Scannersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, digital numbers are mapped to analog voltages with a digital-to-analog converter. However, electromagnetic and piezoelectric actuation has also been successfully reported for lidar applications [52,[57][58][59].…”

Section: (B) Microelectromechanical Scannersmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Lidar Imaging Systems for Autonomous Vehicles

2019

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Lidar imaging systems are one of the hottest topics in the optronics industry. The need to sense the surroundings of every autonomous vehicle has pushed forward a race dedicated to deciding the final solution to be implemented. However, the diversity of state-of-the-art approaches to the solution brings a large uncertainty on the decision of the dominant final solution. Furthermore, the performance data of each approach often arise from different manufacturers and developers, which usually have some interest in the dispute. Within this paper, we intend to overcome the situation by providing an introductory, neutral overview of the technology linked to lidar imaging systems for autonomous vehicles, and its current state of development. We start with the main single-point measurement principles utilized, which then are combined with different imaging strategies, also described in the paper. An overview of the features of the light sources and photodetectors specific to lidar imaging systems most frequently used in practice is also presented. Finally, a brief section on pending issues for lidar development in autonomous vehicles has been included, in order to present some of the problems which still need to be solved before implementation may be considered as final. The reader is provided with a detailed bibliography containing both relevant books and state-of-the-art papers for further progress in the subject.

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“…A thorough review of available literature on HFs was performed, and this review was mainly focused on cars [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], planes [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], and NPP operators [43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. The process started with drawing out all possible HFs and listing them up to avoid redundancy and duplicity of information.…”

Section: Human Factors (Hfs) In Control Take-oversmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Few Critical Human Factors for Developing Sustainable Autonomous Driving Technology

Cárdenas¹,

Shin

Kim

2020

Sustainability

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The purpose of this study is to develop a framework that can identify critical human factors (HFs) that can generate human errors and, consequently, accidents in autonomous driving level 3 situations. Although much emphasis has been placed on developing hardware and software components for self-driving cars, interactions between a human driver and an autonomous car have not been examined. Because user acceptance and trust are substantial for the further and sustainable development of autonomous driving technology, considering factors that will influence user satisfaction is crucial. As autonomous driving is a new field of research, the literature review in other established fields was performed to draw out these probable HFs. Herein, interrelationship matrices were deployed to identify critical HFs and analyze the associations between these HFs and their impact on performance. Age, focus, multitasking capabilities, intelligence, and learning speed are selected as the most critical HFs in autonomous driving technology. Considering these factors in designing interactions between drivers and automated driving systems will enhance users' acceptance of the technology and its sustainability by securing good usability and user experiences.

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MEMS-based lidar for autonomous driving

Cited by 138 publications

References 39 publications

Hetero-integration enables fast switching time-of-flight sensors for light detection and ranging

Hetero-integration enables fast switching time-of-flight sensors for light detection and ranging

An Overview of Lidar Imaging Systems for Autonomous Vehicles

A Few Critical Human Factors for Developing Sustainable Autonomous Driving Technology

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