Meningitis Due to a “
            <i>Bartonella washoensis</i>
            ”-Like Human Pathogen

Probert, Will S.; Louie, Janice K.; Tucker, James R.; Longoria, Rose; Hogue, R.; Moler, Silvia; Graves, Margot; Palmer, Heather J.; Cassady, J. P.; Fritz, Curtis L.

doi:10.1128/jcm.00511-09

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Primary isolates of Bartonella species have also been obtained using a BACTEC blood culture system (Becton Dickinson) and Bartonella alphaproteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM) [152], [153]. Homogenized tissues may also be used as an inoculum for blood plates or endothelial cell monolayers [154].…”

Section: Diagnostics and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

et al. 2014

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Bartonella bacilliformis is the bacterial agent of Carrión's disease and is presumed to be transmitted between humans by phlebotomine sand flies. Carrión's disease is endemic to high-altitude valleys of the South American Andes, and the first reported outbreak (1871) resulted in over 4,000 casualties. Since then, numerous outbreaks have been documented in endemic regions, and over the last two decades, outbreaks have occurred at atypical elevations, strongly suggesting that the area of endemicity is expanding. Approximately 1.7 million South Americans are estimated to be at risk in an area covering roughly 145,000 km2 of Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. Although disease manifestations vary, two disparate syndromes can occur independently or sequentially. The first, Oroya fever, occurs approximately 60 days following the bite of an infected sand fly, in which infection of nearly all erythrocytes results in an acute hemolytic anemia with attendant symptoms of fever, jaundice, and myalgia. This phase of Carrión's disease often includes secondary infections and is fatal in up to 88% of patients without antimicrobial intervention. The second syndrome, referred to as verruga peruana, describes the endothelialcell-derived, blood-filled tumors that develop on the surface of the skin. Verrugae are rarely fatal, but can bleed and scar the patient. Moreover, these persistently infected humans provide a reservoir for infecting sand flies and thus maintaining B. bacilliformis in nature. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding this life-threatening, neglected bacterial pathogen and review its host-cell parasitism, molecular pathogenesis, phylogeny, sand fly vectors, diagnostics, and prospects for control.

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Section: Diagnostics and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

et al. 2014

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“…infections have included endocarditis ( B. elizabethae ; Daly et al 1993), fever ( B. vinsonii subsp. arupensis ; Welch et al 1999), neuroretinitis ( B. grahamii ; Kerkhoff et al 1999), myocarditis ( B. washoensis ; Kosoy et al 2003), lymphadenitis ( B. alsatica ; Angelakkis et al 2008), meningitis ( B. washoensis ; Probert et al 2009), and lymphadenopathy (the Tel-Aviv strain related to both B. elizabethae and B. tribocorum ; Kandelaki et al 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other documented B. washoensis infections associated with clinical illness include a domestic dog presenting with mitral valve endocarditis (Chomel et al 2003) and a second human case from northern California diagnosed with meningitis (Probert et al 2009). A field investigation of the California patient’s property resulted in finding strains of B. washoensis in both O. beecheyi and their fleas ( Oropsylla montana ) identical to the strain isolated from the patient (Probert et al 2009), lending further evidence that O. beecheyi and its fleas are the most likely reservoir and vector, respectively, of zoonotic B. washoensis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Diversity ofBartonella washoensisStrains in Ground Squirrels from California and Their Potential Link to Human Cases

Osikowicz

Billeter

Rizzo

et al. 2016

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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We investigated the prevalence of Bartonella washoensis in California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi) and their fleas from parks and campgrounds located in seven counties of California. Ninety-seven of 140 (69.3%) ground squirrels were culture positive and the infection prevalence by location ranged from 25% to 100%. In fleas, 60 of 194 (30.9%) Oropsylla montana were found to harbor Bartonella spp. when screened using citrate synthase (gltA) specific primers, whereas Bartonella DNA was not found in two other flea species, Hoplopsyllus anomalus (n = 86) and Echidnophaga gallinacea (n = 6). The prevalence of B. washoensis in O. montana by location ranged from 0% to 58.8%. A majority of the gltA sequences (92.0%) recovered from ground squirrels and fleas were closely related (similarity 99.4–100%) to one of two previously described strains isolated from human patients, B. washoensis NVH1 (myocarditis case in Nevada) and B. washoensis 08S-0475 (meningitis case in California). The results from this study support the supposition that O. beecheyi and the flea, O. montana, serve as a vertebrate reservoir and a vector, respectively, of zoonotic B. washoensis in California.

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“…and variants have been implicated as the causative agents of human clinical manifestations, including endocarditis (Daly et al 1993, Fenollar et al 2005, myocarditis , fever and neurologic disorders (Welch et al 1999), intraocular neuroretinitis (Kerkhoff et al 1999), meningitis (Probert et al 2009), splenomegaly (Eremeeva et al 2007), and lymphadenopathy (Oksi et al 2013). These findings make rodents and their fleas a relevant natural system for the study of ecological pathways of vector-borne pathogens and emerging diseases of human importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BartonellaInfection in Rodents and Their Flea Ectoparasites: An Overview

Gutiérrez

Krasnov

Morick

et al. 2015

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

137

165

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Epidemiological studies worldwide have reported a high prevalence and a great diversity of Bartonella species, both in rodents and their flea parasites. The interaction among Bartonella, wild rodents, and fleas reflects a high degree of adaptation among these organisms. Vertical and horizontal efficient Bartonella transmission pathways within flea communities and from fleas to rodents have been documented in competence studies, suggesting that fleas are key players in the transmission of Bartonella to rodents. Exploration of the ecological traits of rodents and their fleas may shed light on the mechanisms used by bartonellae to become established in these organisms. The present review explores the interrelations within the Bartonella-rodent-flea system. The role of the latter two components is emphasized.

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Meningitis Due to a “ Bartonella washoensis ”-Like Human Pathogen

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

Distribution and Diversity ofBartonella washoensisStrains in Ground Squirrels from California and Their Potential Link to Human Cases

BartonellaInfection in Rodents and Their Flea Ectoparasites: An Overview

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