2021
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910024
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Menstrual Cycle Hormonal Changes and Energy Substrate Metabolism in Exercising Women: A Perspective

Abstract: This article discusses the research supporting that the hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle phases affect a woman’s physiology during exercise, specifically addressing aspects of energy substrate metabolism and macro-nutrient utilization and oxidation. The overarching aim is to provide a perspective on what are the limitations of earlier research studies that have concluded such hormonal changes do not affect energy metabolism. Furthermore, suggestions are made concerning research approaches in future … Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(12 citation statements)
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“…Therefore, even if progesterone does reverse the estrogen-mediated CHO sparing effect on muscle glycogenolysis (43), which permits continued energy production, the decrease in rate of plasma glucose uptake when compared with FOL would eventually reduce the availability of endogenous CHO stores towards the end of an exercise session similar to our experimental protocol. It is of note that changes in CHO ox did not persist into HIT, corroborating with previous literature (11), indicating that the effect of higher exercise intensity may override hormone-induced changes in substrate utilization, with CHO observed to be the predominant energy source at high intensities across both trials.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
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“…Therefore, even if progesterone does reverse the estrogen-mediated CHO sparing effect on muscle glycogenolysis (43), which permits continued energy production, the decrease in rate of plasma glucose uptake when compared with FOL would eventually reduce the availability of endogenous CHO stores towards the end of an exercise session similar to our experimental protocol. It is of note that changes in CHO ox did not persist into HIT, corroborating with previous literature (11), indicating that the effect of higher exercise intensity may override hormone-induced changes in substrate utilization, with CHO observed to be the predominant energy source at high intensities across both trials.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
“…To this end, the observation of a greater CHO ox in LUT was surprising and counter to both our hypothesis and previous literature. Higher estrogen levels in LUT were consistently reported to mediate an increase in fat oxidation capacity (11), particularly during sub-maximal efforts (39). This mechanistic influence should theoretically induce a glycogen sparing effect that would avail more endogenous CHO stores for energy production during FRT.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…In addition, habitual breakfast consumption was assessed to ensure that it did not deviate from their typical day. To control for hormone fluctuation participants were tested between 7-21 day of their menstrual cycle as it can influence energy metabolism and substrate utilization [10]. After baseline screening and familiarization with testing procedures, participants were randomly assigned to the order of the supplement.…”
Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Progesterone antagonizes this uptake and promotes insulin resistance. Thus, the relative increase in estrogen compared with progesterone based on phasic hormone levels determines the degree of influence that the hormones have on glucose metabolism (Hackney, 2021;Oosthuyse & Bosch, 2010). In light of these known variations in metabolism based on changes in female sex hormones, studies controlling for or comparing menstrual phases in women are important to understand how ergogenic aids and exercise performance may be impacted differently at different moments in a women's menstrual cycle given that training and competition may occur at any point in this hormonal cycle.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%