Mercerization of cellulose: 1. Determination of the structure of Mercerized cotton

Kolpak, Francis J.; Weih, Mark A.; Blackwell, John

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(78)90027-7

Cited by 141 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose I1 in mercerization has been studied by a variety of methods (1)(2)(3)(4), its mechanism is not yet fully understood. It has been shown that the alkali-induced conversion of cotton from cellulose I to cellulose I1 is governed by the swelling of the fibre (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of mercerization on the crystallite size and crystallinity index in cellulose from different sources

Revol¹,

Dietrich²,

Goring³

1987

Can. J. Chem.

128

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Native cellulose samples having a wide range of crystallinity and crystallite size were mercerized by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The resultant cellulose I1 samples showed only a narrow range of crystallinity and an essentially constant crystallite size. For the low-crystallinity samples, crystallinity and crystallite size actually increased on mercerization. These results are in line with the proposal that mercerization involves the mingling of chains from adjacent and antiparallel cellulose I microjbrils to form cellulose I1 crystals of antiparallel chains.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of mercerization on the crystallite size and crystallinity index in cellulose from different sources

Revol¹,

Dietrich²,

Goring³

1987

Can. J. Chem.

128

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“…Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) (Kolpak et al 1978;Ibbett et al 2008a) Samples were prepared by pressing randomly oriented samples into the form of discs at 50-60°C.…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the intra- and inter-fibrillar structure of lyocell (TENCEL®) fibers caused by NaOH treatment

et al. 2008

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Some effects of NaOH treatment at concentrations of up to 8 M on (1) the porous structure, (2) the degree of swelling, (3) carboxyl content using methylene blue sorption and 9H-fluoren-2-yl-diazomethane (FDAM) methods, (4) dyeing, (5) the molecular weight distribution measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (6) crystallinity determined by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and (7) the tensile properties of lyocell fibers were investigated. The porous structure of fibers was visualised using fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on fiber cross-sections and was also studied by inversion size exclusion chromatography (ISEC). Mean pore diameter and pore area of fibers were not changed by NaOH treatments. The pore volume increased above 2.5 M NaOH. NaOH-treated samples showed higher dye uptake, higher swelling, but lower carboxyl and moisture content and increased crystallinity. As the NaOH concentration increased, the depth of colour following dyeing with C.I. Direct Red 81 also increased due to deep penetration of alkali into the fiber. In general, fiber properties were distinctly different in the ranges 0 to approximately 3 and 3-8 M NaOH.

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“…Normally, the normal of (110) plane encloses an angle of about 85 • to the normal of the planar-oriented (110) latticeplane. 17,18 It is also well known that the diffraction peak corresponding to the (110) crystal plane of cellulose exhibits chain orientation parallel to the top surface of the films. 19 Consequently, the orientation of the (110) plane contributes to the high diffraction peak at 2θ = 12 • of the intensity curve by reflection method; the orientation of the (110) plane contributes to the high diffraction peak at 2θ = 20 • of the intensity curve by transmission method.…”

Section: The Crystalline Orientation Of Cellulose Films Obtained Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chain Orientation of Cellulose Flat and Tubular Films Prepared from N-Methylmorpholine N-Oxide Solutions

Zhang¹,

Shao²,

Hu³

2002

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:Cellulose flat and tubular films were made from cellulose-aqueous N-methylmorpholine N-oxide solution system by casting method on nonwovens and blow-extrusion technique, respectively. An attempt was made to disclose the chain orientation of the new cellulose films. It was found that the (110) lattice planes of the flat and tubular films have an uniplanar orientation mode with respect to the film surface. For flat films, the (110) lattice planes are almost unoriented with respect to the machine direction. However, the (110) planes of tubular films have axial orientation with respect to the machine direction. With increasing blow up ratio, both the axial orientation and the crystallinity of tubular films increase. With increasing draw down ratio, only the axial orientation increases while the crystallinity does not change significantly. The three dimensional orientation parameters from polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) spectra by sample tilting indicate that the uniplanar orientation of cellulose chain with respect to the surface of flat film increases when the casting speed increases. Moreover, no axial orientation was found within the plane parallel to the flat film surface. For tubular films, the uniplanar orientation with respect to the film surface increases with the blow up or draw down ratio.KEY Recently, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as a new organic solvent has been used to dissolve cellulose to prepare novel cellulosic products with improved mechanical properties when compared to materials prepared by the conventional viscose process. 1-3 Disadvantages of the more than one century old viscose technology are its complicated multi-step processing line and the serious environmental problems arising from the use of CS 2 . However, the new NMMO process has no chemical reaction and byproducts. It is possible to prepare the cellulose films from NMMO solution using casting method as well as blow-extrusion process in our laboratory. The super-molecular structures of the two types of films must be different due to the different fabricate method. Especially for the blown films, the process of film formation includes two processes simultaneously, that are drawing-down and blowing-up processes. Furthermore, the blowing-up process is a twodimensional elongation process. Therefore, the combination of drawing-down ratio and blow-up ratio may affect the orientation or crystallization of cellulose film.It is known that X-Ray diffraction is a powerful characterization tool for the elucidation of crystalline microstructure. Nevertheless, it is inaccessible to estimate the degree of orientation in the amorphous phase, which is a very important parameter influencing material properties of polymers. Infrared spectroscopy is a complementary method since vibrational absorptions can arise from chain segments in both amorphous and crystalline phases. In the present paper, X-Ray diffraction techniques are used to reveal and characterize orientation modes in the crystalline regions of the two typ...

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Mercerization of cellulose: 1. Determination of the structure of Mercerized cotton

Cited by 141 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of mercerization on the crystallite size and crystallinity index in cellulose from different sources

Effect of mercerization on the crystallite size and crystallinity index in cellulose from different sources

Changes in the intra- and inter-fibrillar structure of lyocell (TENCEL®) fibers caused by NaOH treatment

The Chain Orientation of Cellulose Flat and Tubular Films Prepared from N-Methylmorpholine N-Oxide Solutions

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