Mercerization Optimization of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite Structures Using a Box–Behnken Design

Hassan, Mohamad Zaki; Roslan, Siti Amni; Sapuan, S. M.; Rasid, Zainudin A.; Nor, Ariff Farhan Mohd; Daud, Yusoff; Dolah, Rozzeta; Zuhri, M.Y.M.

doi:10.3390/polym12061367

Cited by 68 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Due to this, chemical and surface treatment techniques to enhance fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion have increased the fabrication cost of these structures. The adoption of optimization techniques such as the Taguchi and response surface method [ 119 , 120 , 121 ] has great potential and could reduce the cost of experimental setups and the final product itself. In addition, there is also great potential to develop the finite element method software package to compare the mechanical properties of RH composites from experimental works.…”

Section: A Way Forward: Rh Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress of Rice Husk Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review

et al. 2021

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Recently, because of the rising population, carbon overloading, and environmental distress, human beings have needed to increase awareness and responsibility for the reduction of agricultural waste. The utilization of agricultural waste as a filler material in reinforced polymers is a fascinating discovery. This review paper attempts to study the physical, mechanical, and thermal behavior of rice husk (RH) as a fiber for reinforcing various synthetic polymers, based on recent studies, conducted between 2017 and 2021. It also highlights that advanced modification techniques could further improve the performance of composites by tailoring the physical and chemical substances of the fiber or matrix. The thermal properties, including flame-retardance and thermal behavior, are also discussed. The characteristics of the fiber–matrix interaction between RH and the polymer matrix provide essential insights into the future-ready applications of this agricultural waste fiber. The way forward in researching RH polymer composites is finally reviewed.

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Section: A Way Forward: Rh Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress of Rice Husk Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Since the RSM approach, specifically the CDD, has been widely used in polymer optimization [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], it was therefore adopted in this study. The main objectives of this paper are: (i) To identify the significant effect of different factors (RHA/AA and SiR/Ge ratios) on the moisture absorption and fire retardant properties of rice husk ash/silicone rubber-based binary blended geopolymer coating composite, (ii) to determine the optimum composition for the blended geopolymer coating composite, and (iii) to study the microstructure of the blended geopolymer coating composite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

et al. 2021

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Geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) as the aluminosilicate source has shown excellent fire retardant properties. However, incorporation of rice husk ash into the geopolymer matrix increased water absorption properties of the polymer composite. As such, silicone rubber (SiR) was introduced to improve the moisture absorption and fire retardant properties of the composite. Additionally, the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was conventionally used in past studies on the RHA-based geopolymer composite. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the fire retardant and moisture absorption properties of the binary blended geopolymer coating composite, the use of statistical analysis and regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential. The objectives of this study are to identify the significant effect of factors on moisture absorption and fire retardant properties, to determine the optimum composition, and to study the microstructure of the rice husk ash/silicone rubber (RHA/SiR)-based binary blended geopolymer coating composite. The RHA/AA and SiR/Ge ratios were chosen as factors, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design experiments and conduct analyses. Fire retardant and moisture absorption tests were conducted. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the microstructure of geopolymer samples. The RHA/alkaline activator (AA) and SiR/Ge ratios were shown to have a significant effect on the responses (temperature at equilibrium and moisture absorption). The high ratio of RHA/AA and SiR/Ge resulted in a lower temperature at equilibrium (TAE) below 200°C and at moisture absorption below 16%. The optimum formulation for the geopolymer coating composite can be achieved when the RHA/AA ratio, SiR/Ge ratio, and sodium hydroxide concentration are set at 0.85, 0.70, and 14 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of samples with good fire retardant properties showed that the char residue of the geopolymer composite coating, which is a layer of excess silicone rubber, is porous and continuous, thus providing a shielding effect for the layer of geopolymer underneath. The sample with good moisture absorption showed the formation of a thin outer layer of silicone rubber without any cracks. The unreacted SiR formed a thin layer beneath the geopolymer composite matrix providing a good moisture barrier.

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“…However, due to their high cost and non-biodegradable property, scientists and technologies shifted to full usage of natural fibers and agro-waste materials. Recently, vegetable fibers and crop residues like banana [ 3 ], kenaf [ 4 ], and bamboo [ 5 ], coco peat (CP), and rice husk (RH), were evaluated to reinforce polymer composite materials and were the best candidates to replace synthetic fibers. Besides being recyclable, the plant fibers haves offer many advantages, such as low cost, low density, and abundant availability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicomechanical Properties of Rice Husk/Coco Peat Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Blend Composites

et al. 2021

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Utilizing agro-waste material such as rice husk (RH) and coco peat (CP) reinforced with thermoplastic resin to produce low-cost green composites is a fascinating discovery. In this study, the effectiveness of these blended biocomposites was evaluated for their physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Initially, the samples were fabricated by using a combination of melt blend internal mixer and injection molding techniques. Increasing in RH content increased the coupons density. However, it reduced the water vapor kinetics sorption of the biocomposite. Moisture absorption studies disclosed that water uptake was significantly increased with the increase of coco peat (CP) filler. It showed that the mechanical properties, including tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and impact strength of the 15% RH—5% CP reinforced acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), gave the highest value. Results also revealed that all RH/CP filled composites exhibited a brittle fracture manner. Observation on the tensile morphology surfaces by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) affirmed the above finding to be satisfactory. Therefore, it can be concluded that blend-agriculture waste reinforced ABS biocomposite can be exploited as a biodegradable material for short life engineering application where good mechanical and thermal properties are paramount.

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Mercerization Optimization of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite Structures Using a Box–Behnken Design

Cited by 68 publications

References 42 publications

Recent Progress of Rice Husk Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review

Recent Progress of Rice Husk Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review

Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

Physicomechanical Properties of Rice Husk/Coco Peat Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Blend Composites

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