Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Barium Levels in Human Breast Milk and Factors Affecting Their Concentrations in Hamadan, Iran

Vahidinia, Aliasghar; Samiee, Fateme; Faradmal, Javad; Rahmani, Alireza; Javad, Masoumeh Taravati; Leili, Mostafa

doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1355-5

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Recently, two cross-sectional studies conducted in Iran detected high Pb levels in HM. Gasoline, food, water, dust, and cosmetics (lipstick) were identified as possible contamination sources ( Khanjani et al, 2018 ; Vahidinia et al, 2019 ). However, the present study found a mean Pb concentration in HM-baseline similar to another Brazilian study ( Marques et al, 2013 ), and the values were within acceptable WHO limits ( WHO/IAEA, 1989 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A multicenter WHO study identified that the normal range for Hg concentration in HM is 1.4–3.3 μg/L ( WHO/IAEA, 1989 ). Moreover, recent studies have shown that breast milk Hg levels range from 0.5 to 7.0 μg/L worldwide ( Cunha et al, 2013 ; García-Esquinas et al, 2011 ; Rebelo and Caldas, 2016 ; Vahidinia et al, 2019 ). Although some studies have reported a positive correlation between fish consumption and Hg accumulation in breast milk, a recent cross-sectional study showed no association between these factors ( Behrooz et al, 2012 ; Letinić et al, 2016 ; Vahidinia et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Essential and toxic elements in human milk concentrate with human milk lyophilizate: A preclinical study

Oliveira

Trevilato

Aragon

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

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Concentrated human milk (HM-concentrate) can be obtained from the simple and inexpensive method of donated breast milk direct lyophilization. A previous study reported that HM-concentrate contains the adequate amount of main macro- and micronutrients for use as a nutritional resource for preterm infants with very low birth weight admitted to neonatal intensive care units. However, further details need to be elucidated about HM-concentrate composition, particularly its content of essential and potentially toxic trace elements. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the concentration of essential and toxic elements in human milk considered baseline (HM-baseline) and HM-concentrate, as well as to quantify changes in concentration of these elements after the HM concentration process. The concentration of Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Mercury, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, Selenium, Tin, and Thallium was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Moreover, Bayesian linear mixed effect models were applied to estimate the mean difference between HM-baseline and HM-concentrate samples. After comparison (HM-concentrate versus HM-baseline), a significant increase in concentration was observed only for Manganese (0.80 μg/L; 95% CrI [0.16; 1.43]) and Selenium (6.74 μg/L; 95% CrI [4.66; 8.86]), while Lead concentration (−6.13 μg/L; 95% CrI [-8.63; −3.61]) decreased. This study provides latest and reliable information about HM composition. After milk concentration by lyophilization, there was a significant increase only in the essential elements Manganese and Selenium. The essential micronutrient content in HM-concentrate was similar or higher than that in preterm mothers' milk, which suggests it is viable for nutritional support of preterm infants. In addition, the low concentrations of potentially toxic elements in HM-concentrate indicates that it is safe for consumption by premature newborns.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential and toxic elements in human milk concentrate with human milk lyophilizate: A preclinical study

Oliveira

Trevilato

Aragon

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

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“…A number of studies have proposed the existence of lactational programming [62]. In almost all of them, the effects of pollutants on breast milk composition focused on the ingestion of chemicals such as organochlorine pesticides, bisphenol A, dioxins or heavy metals [46, 53, 63–65]. Few data are available on airway pollution or fine particle inhalation, except in the context of passive smoking [54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of exposure to diesel exhaust during pregnancy on mammary gland development and milk composition in the rabbit

et al. 2019

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Exposure to fine-particulate air pollution is a major global health concern because it is associated with reduced birth weight and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Here we have investigated the potential for exposure to diesel exhaust during pregnancy to influence mammary gland development and milk composition. Female rabbits were therefore exposed by nose-only inhalation to either diluted diesel exhaust fumes (1 mg/m 3 ) or clean air for 2h/day, 5 days/week, from the 3 rd to the 27 th days of pregnancy. On Day 28 of pregnancy, mammary glands were collected from twelve females (six controls and six diesel-exposed) and assessed for morphological and functional alterations. Milk samples were collected from eighteen dams (nine controls and nine diesel-exposed) during early (days 2 to 4) and established (days 13 to 16) lactation to verify the composition of fatty acids and major proteins and leptin levels. The mammary alveolar lumina contained numerous fat globules, and stearoyl CoA reductase expression was higher in mammary epithelia from diesel exhaust-exposed rabbits, which together suggested increased mammary lipid biosynthesis. Gas chromatography analysis of the composition of milk fatty acids revealed a sharp rise in the total fatty acid content, mainly due to monounsaturated fatty acids. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of milk samples enabled identification and quantification of the main rabbit milk proteins and their main phosphorylated isoforms, and revealed important changes to individual casein and whey protein contents and to their most phosphorylated isoforms during early lactation. Taken together, these findings suggest that repeated daily exposure to diesel exhaust fumes during pregnancy at urban pollution levels can influence lipid metabolism in the mammary gland and the lipid and protein composition of milk. As milk may contribute to metabolic programming, such alterations affecting milk composition should be taken into account from a public health perspective.

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“…Therefore, people are continuously at risk of exposure to lead. Previous studies have assessed lead levels in blood, plasma, breast milk, saliva, and other biological samples [ 7 , 11 – 13 ]. A systematic review of studies conducted in Iran showed that the vast majority of breast milk samples contained lead levels above the World Health Organization’s recommended level (< 5 μg/L) [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have assessed lead levels in blood, plasma, breast milk, saliva, and other biological samples [ 7 , 11 – 13 ]. A systematic review of studies conducted in Iran showed that the vast majority of breast milk samples contained lead levels above the World Health Organization’s recommended level (< 5 μg/L) [ 13 ]. In Palestine, about one in five breast milk samples collected in the time period between May and April 2015 contained lead above the World Health Organization’s recommended level [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast milk to blood lead ratios among women from the West Bank of Palestine: a cross-sectional study of associated factors

Shawahna

2021

Int Breastfeed J

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Background Infants fed contaminated breast milk are at an increased risk of exposure to lead. Breast milk to blood (M/B) ratios have not been investigated among women in Palestine. The aim of this study was to assess blood, breast milk, and M/B lead ratios in samples collected from Palestinian breastfeeding women. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics with breast milk lead levels and M/B lead ratios were also investigated. Methods This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design in the period between October 2017 and April 2018. Breastfeeding women visiting maternity care centers in different regions of the West Bank of Palestine were recruited to the study by the nurses in the maternity care centers. Sociodemographic characteristics, venous blood, and breast milk samples were collected from each participant. Lead concentrations were analyzed using a validated inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method. Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson’s Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and Spearman’s correlations were used to analyze the data. Odds ratios (OR) were computed using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results Matching blood and milk samples were collected from 80 women. Lead concentrations in 11 (13.8%) of the breast milk samples were above the World Health Organization’s recommended levels. Breast milk lead levels were more likely to be ≥5 μg/L in breastfeeding women who lived in urban areas (aOR 4.96; 95% CI 1.10, 22.38) compared to those who lived in rural areas. Breast milk to blood lead ratios were more likely to be ≥25% in breastfeeding women who lived in urban areas (aOR 7.06; 95% CI 1.68, 29.77), used eye kohl (aOR 14.29; 95% CI 1.32, 155.06), and used hair dye (aOR 5.33; 95% CI 1.58, 18.00) compared to those who lived in rural areas, did not use eye kohl, and did not use hair dye, respectively. Conclusions Higher M/B lead ratios were predicted by living in urban areas, using eye kohl, and using hair dye. Decision makers in health authorities should address sources of exposure to lead in urban areas. Cosmetics containing lead should be assessed and regulated for lead content.

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Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Barium Levels in Human Breast Milk and Factors Affecting Their Concentrations in Hamadan, Iran

Cited by 49 publications

References 47 publications

Essential and toxic elements in human milk concentrate with human milk lyophilizate: A preclinical study

Essential and toxic elements in human milk concentrate with human milk lyophilizate: A preclinical study

Impact of exposure to diesel exhaust during pregnancy on mammary gland development and milk composition in the rabbit

Breast milk to blood lead ratios among women from the West Bank of Palestine: a cross-sectional study of associated factors

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