Mercury regulation, fate, transport, transformation, and abatement within cement manufacturing facilities: Review

Sikkema, Joel K.; Alleman, James E.; Ong, Say Kee; Wheelock, T.D.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.064

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Therefore, the mercury mass flows (the total amount of mercury in the flue gas or solid materials) between the hightemperature rotary kiln system and the low-temperature facilities can cause mercury cycling in the cement production process. Previous studies have confirmed this mercury cycling [17][18][19][20][21]. In a tested plant, the internal mercury mass flows were found to reach 20 g/h, which was 10 times as high as the emitted mercury mass flows of 0.1-2.4 g/h [17].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Characteristics of mercury cycling in the cement production process

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Characteristics of mercury cycling in the cement production process

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…6, 9 27 Previous studies mainly focused on the emission characteristics of atmospheric Hg from the 28 Zn production process. 11 Without proper measures to control the emissions of these Hg sources, 34 Hg in the 30 roasting flue gas was largely removed into Hg-containing wastes by APCDs, but the fate of Hg 31 in these wastes has been unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insight into Atmospheric Mercury Emissions from Zinc Smelters Using Mass Flow Analysis

Hui

Wang

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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1The mercury (Hg) flow paths from three zinc (Zn) smelters indicated that a large quantity of 2Hg, approximately 38.0 -57.0% of the total Hg input, was stored as acid slag in the landfill sites. 3Approximately 15.0 -27.1% of the Hg input was emitted into water or stored as open-dumped 4 slags, and 3.3 -14.5% of the Hg input ended in the sulfuric acid. Atmospheric Hg emissions, 5 accounting for 1.4 -9.6% of the total Hg input, were from both the Zn production and waste 6 disposal processes. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the waste disposal processes accounted for 7 40.6%, 89.6% and 94.6% of the total atmospheric Hg emissions of the three studied smelters, 8 respectively. Zn production process mainly contributed to oxidized Hg (Hg 2+ ) emissions, 9whereas waste disposal process generated mostly elemental Hg (Hg 0 ) emissions. When 10 considering the emissions from these two processes together, the emission proportion of the Hg 2+ 11 mass was 51%, 46%, and 29% in smelters A, B and C, respectively. These results indicated that 12 approximately 10.8 ± 5.8 t of atmospheric Hg emissions from the waste disposal process was 13 ignored in recent inventories. Therefore, the total atmospheric Hg emissions from China's Zn 14 industry should be approximately 50 t. 15

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“…Therefore, there are three mercury cycles in the precalciner clinker production process. Mercury cycling in cement plants has been confirmed in field tests (Mlakar et al, 2010;Paone, 2010;Sikkema et al, 2011;Zheng et al, 2012). A transient model was developed to simulate mercury concentration in flue gas from kiln tail (Senior et al, 2010).…”

Section: Mercury Behavior In Cement Clinker Production Processmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The mercury behavior in cement production process is summarized as three stages: vaporization, adsorption, and recycling (Sikkema et al, 2011) (see Fig. 4).…”

Section: Mercury Behavior In Cement Clinker Production Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Mercury transformation mechanisms and speciation profiles are reviewed for mercury formed in and released from flue gases of coal-fired boilers, non-ferrous metal smelters, cement plants, iron and steel plants, waste incinerators, biomass burning and so on. Mercury in coal, ores, and other raw materials is released to flue gases in the form of Hg 0 during combustion or smelting in boilers, kilns or furnaces. Decreasing temperature from over 800 • C to below 300 • C in flue gases leaving boilers, kilns or furnaces promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of Hg 0 to gaseous divalent mercury (Hg 2+ ), with a portion of Hg 2+ adsorbed onto fly ash to form particulate-bound mercury (Hg p ). Halogen is the primary oxidizer for Hg 0 in flue gases, and active components (e.g., TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , etc.) on fly ash promote heterogeneous oxidation and adsorption processes. In addition to mercury removal, mercury transformation also occurs when passing through air pollution control devices (APCDs), affecting the mercury speciation in flue gases. In coal-fired power plants, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system promotes mercury oxidation by 34-85 %, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) remove over 99 % of Hg p , and wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD) captures 60-95 % of Hg 2+ . In non-ferrous metal smelters, most Hg 0 is converted to Hg 2+ and removed in acid plants (APs). For cement clinker production, mercury cycling and operational conditions promote heterogeneous mercury oxidation and adsorption. The mercury speciation profiles in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere are determined by transformation mechanisms and mercury removal efficiencies by various APCDs. For all the sectors reviewed in this study, Hg p accounts for less than 5 % in flue gases. In China, mercury emission has a higher Hg 0 fraction (66-82 % of total mercury) in flue gases from coal combustion, in contrast to a greater Hg 2+ fraction (29-90 %) from non-ferrous metal smelting, cement and iron and/or steel production. The higher Hg 2+ fractions shown here than previous estimates may imply stronger local environmental impacts than previously thought, caused by mercury emissions in East Asia. Future research should focus on determining mercury speciation in flue gases from iron and steel plants, waste incineration and biomass burning, and on elucidating the mechanisms of mercury oxidation and adsorption in flue gases.

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Mercury regulation, fate, transport, transformation, and abatement within cement manufacturing facilities: Review

Cited by 34 publications

References 6 publications

Characteristics of mercury cycling in the cement production process

Characteristics of mercury cycling in the cement production process

New Insight into Atmospheric Mercury Emissions from Zinc Smelters Using Mass Flow Analysis

Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

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