Merits of ozonation and catalytic ozonation pre-treatment in the algal treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents

The application of advanced oxidation technologies to the treatment of effluents from the pulp and paper industry: a review

“…On the other hand, the carboxylic acids that are formed by opening the aromatic ring have expectedly been reported to be very resistant to oxidation by ozone (Amat et al 2003;Amat et al 2005b;Bailey 1982;Balcioglu et al 2007;Fontanier et al 2005a;Hoigne and Bader 1983;Kreetachat et al 2007), and they are usually responsible for TOC abatement limitation (Hoigne and Bader 1983); although they are generally highly biodegradable.…”

“…Particularly, the success of ozonation applied to real wastewater from pulp and paper mills, whether biologically pre-treated or not, and effluents from bleaching stages, has been mainly attributed to the effective degradation of toxic lignin products and chlorophenolic compounds (Amat et al 2005b;Balcioglu et al 2007;Bierbaum et al 2012;Bijan and Mohseni 2004;Bijan and Mohseni 2005;Catalkaya and Kargi 2007;Fontanier et al 2005b;Fontanier et al 2006;Mansilla et al 1997;Oeller et al 1997;Rodríguez et al 1998;Roy-Arcand and Archibald 1996;Salokannel et al 2007;Sevimli 2005;Wang et al 2004;Yeber et al 1999a;Yeber et al 1999b). As it has additionally been reported in several other essays, ozonation usually increases the biodegradability of paper mill effluents as well (Amat et al 2005a;Balcioglu et al 2007;Bijan and Mohseni 2004;Bijan and Mohseni 2005;Fontanier et al 2006;Helble et al 1999;Mansilla et al 1997;Nakamura et al 1997;Oeller et al 1997;Roy-Arcand and Archibald 1996;Salokannel et al 2007); mainly because of the successful degradation of certain toxic compounds and the promoted changes in molecular weight fractions from HMW to LMW (Amat et al 2005a;Balcioglu et al 2007;Bauman and Lutz 1974;Fontanier et al 2006;Hostachy et al 1997;Mansilla et al 1997).…”

“…Soluble biodegradable organic compounds may efficiently be removed by combinations of anaerobic and aerobic processes (Ordóñez et al 2010), but these treatments do not prevent the accumulation of the non-biodegradable organic chemical fraction (Ahmad et al 2007;Habets and Knelissen 1997), such as high molecular weight organics (>1000 Da) (Yeber et al 2007), lignin and lignin-derived compounds (Chang et al 2004;Dahlman et al 1995;Eriksson and Kolar 1985;Thompson et al 2001), toxic chlorinated organics (Balcioglu et al 2007), and pollutants with sulfonic groups (Beltrán et al 2000;Masuyama et al 2000), among others. These chemicals usually produce alterations in the activity of biological reactors (Habets and Knelissen 1997).…”

“…These chemicals usually produce alterations in the activity of biological reactors (Habets and Knelissen 1997). Furthermore, biological treatment may fail to remove color from pulp mill effluents (Balcioglu et al 2007). …”

“…The ability of hydroxyl radical to break down the molecular structure of complex organic structures into simpler compounds has long been proven (Bigda 1995), and it has been shown successful for the partial oxidation of non-biodegradable organics such as lignin or chlorinated organics; therefore contributing to increase the biodegradability of the effluent as well (Balcioglu et al 2003;Balcioglu et al 2007;Bijan and Mohseni 2004;Bijan and Mohseni 2005;Bijan and Mohseni 2008;Chang et al 2004;Mansilla et al 1997;Marco et al 1997;Mounteer et al 2007;Oeller et al 1997;Salokannel et al 2007;Yeber et al 1999a;Yeber et al 1999b). The full oxidation of organic compounds is however non-economically feasible because the use of large amounts of energy and chemicals would be necessary for achieving a complete mineralization (Bijan and Mohseni 2005).…”