Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Hype or Hope for Skeletal Muscle Anti-Frailty

Abstract

Steadily rising population ageing is a global demographic trend due to the advancement of new treatments and technologies in the medical field. This trend also indicates an increasing prevalence of age-associated diseases, such as loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), which tends to afflict the older population. The deterioration in muscle function can cause severe disability and seriously affects a patient’s quality of life. Currently, there is no treatment to prevent and reverse age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty. Existing interventions mainly slow down and control the signs and symptoms. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV) therapy is a promising approach to attenuate age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty. However, more studies, especially large-scale randomised clinical trials need to be done in order to determine the adequacy of MSC-EV therapy in treating age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty. This review compiles the present knowledge of the causes and changes regarding skeletal muscle ageing frailty and the potential of MSC-EV transplantation as a regenerative therapy for age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty and its clinical trials.

Ultrasound-Responsive Micelle-Encapsulated Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived EVs for the Treatment of Lower Limb Microcirculation Disease

“…The HUCMSCs were verified by a three-lineage differentiation assay and flow cytometry analysis ( Figure S1 ). 46 In the culture medium, EVs secreted from HUCMSCs were isolated by differential centrifugation ( Figure 3 A). TEM and NTA were utilized to ascertain the structure and dimensions of the EVs.…”

Precision Nanomedicine with Bio-Inspired Nanosystems: Recent Trends and Challenges in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Membrane-Coated Bioengineered Nanocarriers in Targeted Nanotherapeutics

“…Furthermore, another research emphasized how surface changes of nanocarriers affect clearance rates. Their study revealed that immune identification and subsequent clearance might be evaded by surface engineering techniques like PEGylation, which would extend the circulation duration [ 53 , 288 ].…”

“…Adult stem cells, more specifically mesenchymal stem cells, also produce nanovesicles, just like other cell types. It was previously considered that the small molecules that mesenchymal stem cells could secrete included chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors [ 53 , 54 ]. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cells have been reported to release small nano-sized vesicles in reaction to a wide array of chemical signals, mechanical, and environmental stimuli.…”