Abstract:To understand complex micro/nanoscale ECM stem cell interactions, reproducible in vitro models are needed that can strictly recapitulate the relative content and spatial arrangement of native tissue. Additionally, whole ECM proteins are required to most accurately reflect native binding dynamics. To address this need, we use multiphoton excited photochemistry to create 3D whole protein constructs or "modules" to study how the ECM governs stem cell migration. The constructs were created from mixtures of BSA/lam… Show more
“…Due to their durability and cell compatibility, hydrogels are used as a protein replacement, or addition, to provide a supportive cell environment. [209] Collagen-I was also implemented in 2PP with high spatial resolution. [206] Hydrogel-based biomaterials can be spatially controlled by bioprinting or photopatterning.…”
Synthetic biological systems are used for a myriad of applications, including tissue engineered constructs for in vivo use and microengineered devices for in vitro testing. Recent advances in engineering complex biological systems have been fueled by opportunities arising from the combination of bioinspired materials with biological and computational tools. Driven by the availability of large datasets in the “omics” era of biology, the design of the next generation of tissue equivalents will have to integrate information from single‐cell behavior to whole organ architecture. Herein, recent trends in combining multiscale processes to enable the design of the next generation of biomaterials are discussed. Any successful microprocessing pipeline must be able to integrate hierarchical sets of information to capture key aspects of functional tissue equivalents. Micro‐ and biofabrication techniques that facilitate hierarchical control as well as emerging polymer candidates used in these technologies are also reviewed.
“…Due to their durability and cell compatibility, hydrogels are used as a protein replacement, or addition, to provide a supportive cell environment. [209] Collagen-I was also implemented in 2PP with high spatial resolution. [206] Hydrogel-based biomaterials can be spatially controlled by bioprinting or photopatterning.…”
Synthetic biological systems are used for a myriad of applications, including tissue engineered constructs for in vivo use and microengineered devices for in vitro testing. Recent advances in engineering complex biological systems have been fueled by opportunities arising from the combination of bioinspired materials with biological and computational tools. Driven by the availability of large datasets in the “omics” era of biology, the design of the next generation of tissue equivalents will have to integrate information from single‐cell behavior to whole organ architecture. Herein, recent trends in combining multiscale processes to enable the design of the next generation of biomaterials are discussed. Any successful microprocessing pipeline must be able to integrate hierarchical sets of information to capture key aspects of functional tissue equivalents. Micro‐ and biofabrication techniques that facilitate hierarchical control as well as emerging polymer candidates used in these technologies are also reviewed.
“…Despite it being fairly new technology, MPL very quickly found application in tissue engineering and cell growth investigations, and, to date, several biomaterials have been employed to this purpose [99]. These are mostly negative photoresists, such as hydrogels [100][101][102][103][104], acrylate materials [105,106], the epoxy-based photoresist SU-8 [107] and organic-inorganic hybrid materials (Figure 12) [108][109][110][111][112][113]. Special mention should be made of the 3D structuring of natural polymers and proteins, pioneered by Campagnola et al, who worked on cross-linked proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), fibrogen and fibronectin, and collagen [114][115][116][117][118][119][120].…”
Section: From 2d To Complex 3d Biosurfaces: Multi-photon Lithographymentioning
The controlled interfacial properties of materials and modulated behaviours of cells and biomolecules on their surface are the requirements in the development of a new generation of high-performance biomaterials for regenerative medicine applications. Roughness, chemistry and mechanics of biomaterials are all sensed by cells. Organization of the environment at the nano-and the microscale, as well as chemical signals, triggers specific responses with further impact on cell fate. Particularly, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) hold a great promise in both basic developmental biology studies and regenerative medicine, as progenitors of bone cells. Their fate can be affected by various key regulatory factors (e.g. soluble growth factors, intrinsic, extrinsic environmental factors) that can be delivered by a fabricated scaffold. For example, when cultured on engineered environments that reproduce the physical features of the bone, hMSCs express tissue-specific transcription factors and consequently undergo an osteogenic fate. Therefore, producing smart bio-interfaces with targeted functionalities represents the key point in effective use of hierarchically topographical and chemical bioplatforms. In this chapter, we review laser-based approaches (e.g. Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE), Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT), laser texturing and laser direct writing) used for the design of bio-interfaces aimed at controlling stem cell behaviour in vitro.
“…The primary advantage of MPE-based 3D printing is sub-micrometer resolution to accommodate subtle and non-uniform ECM fibrillar structures with approximately 95 % fidelity as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [35]. Limiting MPE-based 3D printing is the inability to utilize bio-inks containing cells, though it is possible future iterations of this technology could accommodate such a feature [41]. Fig.…”
Solid organ fabrication is an ultimate goal of Regenerative Medicine. Since the introduction of Tissue Engineering in 1993, functional biomaterials, stem cells, tunable microenvironments, and high-resolution imaging technologies have significantly advanced efforts to regenerate in vitro culture or tissue platforms. Relatively simple flat or tubular organs are already in (pre)clinical trials and a few commercial products are in market. The road to more complex, high demand, solid organs including heart, kidney and lung will require substantive technical advancement. Here, we consider two emerging technologies for solid organ fabrication. One is decellularization of cadaveric organs followed by repopulation with terminally differentiated or progenitor cells. The other is 3D bioprinting to deposit cell-laden bio-inks to attain complex tissue architecture. We reviewed the development and evolution of the two technologies and evaluated relative strengths needed to produce solid organs, with special emphasis on the heart and other tissues of the cardiovascular system.
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