Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Small Extracellular Vesicles as Crucial Immunological Efficacy for Hepatic Diseases

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cell small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) are a priority for researchers because of their role in tissue regeneration. sEVs act as paracrine factors and carry various cargos, revealing the state of the parent cells and contributing to cell–cell communication during both physiological and pathological circumstances. Hepatic diseases are mainly characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis and fibrosis, bringing the focus onto immune regulation and other regulatory mechanisms of MSCs/MSC-sEVs. Increasing evidence suggests that MSCs and their sEVs protect against acute and chronic liver injury by inducing macrophages (MΦ) to transform into the M2 subtype, accelerating regulatory T/B (Treg/Breg) cell activation and promoting immunosuppression. MSCs/MSC-sEVs also prevent the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells. This review summarizes the potential roles for MSCs/MSC-sEVs, including immunomodulation and tissue regeneration, in various liver diseases. There is also a specific focus on the use of MSC-sEVs for targeted drug delivery to treat hepatitis.

Human adipose tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles promote soft tissue repair through modulating M1-to-M2 polarization of macrophages

“…A lot of studies have shown that sEVs possessed the anti-inflammation ability to polarize M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages which facilitated tissue regeneration [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. However, the role of adipose tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles in modulating macrophage phenotypes and whether it was associated with soft tissue repair was unclear.…”

Adipose tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles modulate macrophages to improve the homing of adipocyte precursors and endothelial cells in adipose tissue regeneration

“…Previous studies demonstrated macrophages played diverse functions, including scavenging debris ( Peng et al, 2007 ; Wynn and Vannella, 2016 ), recruiting host cells ( Wang et al, 2018 ), promoting vascularization ( Sun et al, 2017 ), and inducing cell differentiation ( Wang et al, 2017 ). Most previous studies focused on the anti-inflammation ability of sEVs to polarize M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages ( Kwak et al, 2022 ; Li et al, 2022 ; Liu et al, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2022 ; Yang et al, 2022 ; Zhao et al, 2022 ). However, the role of macrophages in cell recruitment was largely unknown, especially in the process of tissue regeneration induced by sEVs.…”

SnoRNA and lncSNHG: Advances of nucleolar small RNA host gene transcripts in anti-tumor immunity

“…Cancer stem cells also secret lncSNHG16 containing exosomes to influence other cells via lncSNHG16-TLR7 binding and MyD88/NF-κB/c-Myc activation. Since the exosomes derived from MSC and other cells are easily uptaken by NK cells and CD8 + T cells ( 117 ), it is reasonable to suspect that the exosomal lncSNHGs can influence the killer cell function via exosome-mediated intercellular communication.…”