“…Forti et al (2020) investigate failure behavior using a model that combines damage and plasticity on mortars for compressive softening, and cohesive fracture on interface elements for tensile softening and cracking. For an extensive review of geometry generation, particle distribution algorithm, constitutive relations and applications, the reader is referred to Thilakarathna et al (2020). For mesoscale models and material behavior, the reader is referred to Caballero et al (2006), Häfner et al (2006), Wriggers and Moftah (2006), Kim and Al-Rub (2011), Du et al (2014), Yılmaz and Molinari (2017), Zhou et al (2017), Zhang et al (2018), Li et al (2019), Tang et al (2019) and Meng et al (2020).…”