“…Self-ordered anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes grown under a self-ordering growth regime have become promising candidates for versatile applications in structural coloration, 1 photonic crystals, 2 upconversion luminescence, 3 nanofluidic transport, 4 separators in Li–S batteries, 5 membrane separation, 6 virus detection and ultrafiltration, 7,8 biosensors, 9,10 and drug release, 11 and AAO membranes are becoming a key component in the construction of functional nanostructures ( e.g. , nanowires, 12–23 nanotubes, 24–27 nanoparticles, 28–31 nanorods, 32–35 nanopillars, 36,37 heterostructures 38,39 and mesostructures 40,41 ) that are driving advances in fields as diverse as optics, 1–3,27,42 magnetics, 13,14 thermoelectrics, 15 biology, 17 medicine, 27 sensing, 32,35 and energy conversion and storage 18,19,25,29,37 due to their controllable nanochannel dimensions. The nanochannel geometry is essential to the functional applications of AAO membranes, which has been demonstrated in the following three aspects.…”