Metabolic and immunological changes in transition dairy cows: A review

Wankhade, Pratik Ramesh; Manimaran, A.; Kumaresan, A.; Jeyakumar, Sakthivel; Ramesha, K. P.; Sejian, Veerasamy; Rajendran, D.; Varghese, Minu Rachel

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.1367-1377

Cited by 160 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Dairy cows are characterized by endocrine and metabolic changes to meet out the milk production during lactation (Goff & Horst, ). Thus, the incidence of metabolic disorders, mammary gland infections and reproductive disorders (such as dystocia, retained placenta, cystic ovarian disease, and uterine infections) are frequent in high‐producing herds (Wankhade et al, ). However, in mouse, the supplementation of 100 ng/ml of AMH into IVM medium together with FSH and epidermal growth factor (EGF) improves oocyte competence (Zhang et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of BMP15 and/or AMH during in vitro maturation of oocytes from involuntarily culled dairy cows

Velásquez

Mellisho

Castro

et al. 2018

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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The high metabolic activity to which the dairy cattle are exposed to maintain milk production altered steroid metabolism that affects reproductive physiology and reduce oocyte competence. Our aims were (a) to characterize the competence of immature oocytes collected from dairy cattle based on the expression of genes in cumulus cells (CCs) and (b) to improve oocyte competence to support preimplantation embryo development by the supplementation of maturation medium with bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and/or anti‐mullerian hormone (AMH). Oocyte donors were identified at the moment of ovary collection and grouped by involuntarily culled dairy cows (Holstein breed) or beef cattle. The embryo development speed to blastocyst of the cull dairy cattle versus beef cattle (control group) was lower. Besides, <10% of oocytes (with CC biopsies) derived from dairy cattle were able to develop to the blastocyst stage. In addition, a higher level of expression and a positive correlation were observed in the expression of most of the genes evaluated (LUM, KRT18, KRT8, CLIC3, BMPR1B, and SLC38A3) in the cumulus–oocyte complexes that produced blastocysts versus those which did not develop correctly (arrested development). Further, use of BMP15 in the maturation of oocytes from dairy cattle seems to increase competence, modulating the expression of OCT4, SOX2, CDX2, GATA6, and TP1 in resulting blastocysts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of BMP15 and/or AMH during in vitro maturation of oocytes from involuntarily culled dairy cows

Velásquez

Mellisho

Castro

et al. 2018

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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“…Schuberth, 2 and Ch. Kühn 6,11 diseases also show metabolic disorders (Raboisson et al, 2014;Vercouteren et al, 2015;Mostert et al, 2018), and several authors have demonstrated the connection between the capacity of immunological defense strategies and metabolic regulatory mechanisms (Overton and Waldron, 2004;Roche et al, 2017;Wankhade et al, 2017). In the future, it will be important to reconcile economic efficiency and ethical requirements by breeding cows that are high-yielding as well as healthy and long-lived.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic selection for bovine chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with divergent somatic cell score affects postpartum reproductive and metabolic performance

Meyerholz

Rohmeier

Eickhoff

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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The susceptibility of animals to periparturient diseases has a great effect on the economic efficiency of dairy industries, on the frequency of antibiotic treatment, and on animal welfare. The use of selection for breeding cows with reduced susceptibility to diseases offers a sustainable tool to improve dairy cattle farming. Several studies have focused on the association of distinct bovine chromosome 18 genotypes or haplotypes with performance traits. The aim of this study was to test whether selection of Holstein Friesian heifers via SNP genotyping for alternative paternal chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with favorable (Q) or unfavorable (q) somatic cell scores influences postpartum reproductive and metabolic diseases. Thirty-six heifers (18 Q and 18 q) were monitored from 3 wk before calving until necropsy on d 39 (± 4 d) after calving. Health status and rectal temperature were measured daily, and body condition score and body weight were assessed once per week. Blood samples were drawn twice weekly, and levels of insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone, and β-hydroxybutyrate were measured. Comparisons between the groups were performed using Fisher's exact test, chi-squared test, and the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. Results showed that Q-heifers had reduced incidence of metritis compared with q-heifers and were less likely to develop fever.Serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate were lower and insulin-like growth factor-I plasma concentrations were higher in Q-compared with q-heifers. However, the body condition score and withers height were comparable between haplotypes, but weight loss tended to be lower in Q-heifers compared with q-heifers. No differences between the groups were detected concerning retained fetal membranes, uterine involution, or onset of cyclicity. In conclusion, selection of chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with a reduced somatic cell score resulted in a decreased incidence of postpartum reproductive and metabolic diseases in this study. The presented data add to the existing knowledge aimed at avoiding negative consequences of genetic selection strategies in dairy cattle farming. The underlying causal mechanisms modulated by haplotypes in the targeted genomic region and immune competence necessitate further investigation.

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“…However, the feed intake of heifers and dry cows usually declines in the late dry period relative to their energy requirements (Grummer, 1995;Huzzey et al, 2007), triggering the beginning of the NEB (Butler, 2003). The decrease in prepartum DMI can be attributed to digestive, hormonal, physiological and immunological factors related to this period, and to the rapid growth of the foetus, which takes up the abdominal space, thereby decreasing the rumen volume (Jouany, 2006;Wankhade et al, 2017). Everitt (1964) reported that the foetus of a ruminant is more vulnerable than that of many other species to maternal undernutrition stresses, which impede normal foetal growth.…”

Section: Energy Sources During the Dry Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When dairy cows experience a NEB, their immune system is likely to be compromised (Mallard et al, 1998;Wankhade et al, 2017). The level of impairment and the degree of reclamation of postpartum immune competence are influenced strongly by the extent and duration of the NEB around calving (Pyörälä, 2008;Wathes et al, 2009), making cows in a severe NEB more vulnerable to infections caused by pathogenic organisms (Goff, 2006;Wathes, 2012).…”

Section: Negative Energy Balance and Postpartum-related Disorders In mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As nutrients are digested and absorbed through the GIT, a number of metabolic and hormonal signals released from the liver, pancreas, muscle and adipose tissues act on brain centres, regulating the DMI, EB and metabolism of dairy cows (Chagas et al, 2007). The signals, which can include glucose, fatty acids, insulin, IGF-I, glucagon, GH, ghrelin, leptin, and perhaps myostatin, trigger their receptors by means of positive and negative endocrinal feedback mechanisms to regulate DMI, body growth and reserves, milk synthesis and the reproductive axis (Chagas et al, 2007;Lucy, 2007;Garnsworthy et al, 2008a;Roche et al, 2009;Wathes, 2012;Esposito et al, 2014;Wankhade et al, 2017). At the ovarian level, the reproductive axis is regulated by the hormones of the hypothalamus (gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)), anterior pituitary (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH), ovaries (P 4 , oestradiol and inhibins), and the uterus (prostaglandin-F 2α (PGF 2α )) through a system of positive and negative feedback signals governing the oestrous cycle in dairy cows (Forde et al, 2011).…”

Section: Effect Of Energy Sources On Metabolism Of Dairy Cowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pre- and postpartum effects of starch and fat in dairy cows: A review

2018

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This review discusses the effects of starch and fat before and after calving on metabolism, energy balance (EB), milk production, and reproduction in dairy cows. The shift in dairy cows from a pregnant nonlactating state to a non-pregnant lactating state induces physiological changes, which affect the metabolic and endocrinal axes to redirect body energy stores towards the mammary gland for milk production. Overfeeding high starch and fat levels during the dry period after calving may result in cows failing to adapt to the negative energy balance (NEB) because of major liver and rumen dysfunction. Alternatively, keeping dry cows on high-forage/low-energy diets adjusts dry matter intake (DMI) to optimize the rumen function and decrease the severity of the NEB during transition. These periparturient biological improvements in dairy cows showed real benefits such as fewer postpartum health complications (e.g. milk fever, ketosis, mastitis, metritis), decreased body condition loss and improved reproductive axis in the subsequent lactation. Adding dietary starch and/or fat to diets of dairy cows following parturition increased milk yield. In addition, milk protein of dairy cows increased with glucogenic diets, but decreased with lipogenic diets. Inversely, milk fat usually increases after feeding lipogenic diets, but it decreases when feeding glucogenic diets to dairy cows. Glucogenic and lipogenic nutrients can affect the cow's metabolism and its EB status positively, as is evidenced by plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, amino acids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), gonadotropin hormones, and progesterone (P 4 ) levels. These metabolites (NEFA, BHB, glucose, amino acids) and hormones (insulin, IGF-I, GH, P 4 ) have been shown to affect folliculogenesis, ovulation, conception, and pregnancy success. Feeding a starchbased diet to dairy cows can lead to acidosis and increase glucose and insulin levels, while decreasing NEFA and BHB levels. Furthermore, an insulinogenic diet favours an early resumption of ovarian activity, but has adverse effects on the quality of oocytes. In contrast, keeping dairy cows on a fat-based diet elevates NEFA and BHB levels and decreases glucose and insulin levels. Additionally, a lipogenic diet increases the plasma P 4 levels and improves the quality of oocytes. These evidences suggest that reproductive performances in dairy cows can be enhanced by feeding an insulinogenic diet until the resumption of the ovarian cycle then switching to a lipogenic diet from mating period onwards. Since long-term field studies on fertility are limited and the reproduction process in dairy cows is multi-factorial, further research is needed on the pre-and postpartum effects of starch and/or fat as well as their combinations on reproduction axis and thus to draw conclusions on reproductive performances.

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Metabolic and immunological changes in transition dairy cows: A review

Cited by 160 publications

References 59 publications

Effect of BMP15 and/or AMH during in vitro maturation of oocytes from involuntarily culled dairy cows

Effect of BMP15 and/or AMH during in vitro maturation of oocytes from involuntarily culled dairy cows

Genetic selection for bovine chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with divergent somatic cell score affects postpartum reproductive and metabolic performance

Pre- and postpartum effects of starch and fat in dairy cows: A review

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