Metabolic Aspects of Calorie Restriction: Hypohydration Effects on Body Weight and Blood Parameters

Consolazio, C. Frank; Matoush, LeRoy O.; Johnson, Herman L.; Krzywicki, Harry J.; Isaac, Gerhard J.; Witt, Norman F.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/21.8.793

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Decrease in plasma volume on a CR regime causes hypohydration, which thereby leads to an overall decrease in the blood volume. The negative water balance and decreased plasma volume is accompanied by an increase in plasma protein concentration [39]. This describes the upsurge in the plasma protein concentration of the energy restricted rats in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Effect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Nutritional Status and Physical Performance Under Calorie Restriction

Jain

Singh

2014

Ind J Clin Biochem

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L-carnitine is popular as a potential ergogenic aid because of its role in the conversion of fat into energy. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of short term supplementation of L-carnitine on metabolic markers and physical efficiency tests under short term calorie restriction. Male albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 12 in each)-control, calorie restricted (CR for 5 days, 25 % of basal food intake), L-carnitine supplemented (CAR, given orally for 5 days at a dose of 100 mg/kg), CR with L-carnitine supplementation (CR ? CAR). Food intake and body weight of the rats were measured along with biochemical variables like blood glucose, tissue glycogen, plasma and muscle protein and enzymatic activities of CPT-1 (carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1) and AMP kinase. Results demonstrated that Lcarnitine caused marked increase in muscle glycogen, plasma protein, CPT-1 activity and swim time of rats (P \ 0.05) on short term supplementation. In addition to the substantive effects caused by CR alone, L-carnitine under CR significantly affected muscle glycogen, plasma protein, CPT-1 activity and AMP kinase (P \ 0.05). Short term CR along with L-carnitine also resulted in increased swim time of rats than control, CR and L-carnitine treated rats (P \ 0.05). The present study was an attempt towards developing an approach for better adherence to dietary restriction regimen, with the use of L-carnitine.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Effect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Nutritional Status and Physical Performance Under Calorie Restriction

Jain

Singh

2014

Ind J Clin Biochem

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“…As observed here, and previously (James and Shirreffs 2013) the excretion of the electrolytes sodium and potassium in urine continues during severe ER, despite a greatly reduced intake. Although large over the first 2 days of severe ER, the body mass loss becomes smaller and more consistent thereafter (Consolazio et al, 1968a). Similarly, sodium excretion in urine is large over the initial stages of ER and falls to minimal levels by 2-4 days of severe ER (Consolazio et al 1968b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Severe ER results in a large reduction in body mass that appears to be greatest over the initial 2 days of ER (Consolazio et al 1968a) and is accompanied by a large reduction in plasma volume during this time (Consolazio et al 1968a;Oliver et al 2007; James and Shirreffs 2013). As observed here, and previously (James and Shirreffs 2013) the excretion of the electrolytes sodium and potassium in urine continues during severe ER, despite a greatly reduced intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hypohydration appears to be caused by the continued excretion of electrolytes in urine, despite little or no intake (James and Shirreffs 2013), and might be offset by electrolyte supplementation during severe ER (Consolazio et al 1968a). Hypohydration reduces endurance capacity and performance (Cheuvront and Kenefick 2014), an effect that is exacerbated as environmental temperature increases (Kenefick et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrolyte supplementation during severe energy restriction increases exercise capacity in the heat

2015

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PURPOSE:This study examined the effects of sodium chloride and potassium chloride supplementation during 48 h severe energy restriction on exercise capacity in the heat. METHODS:Nine males completed three 48 h trials: adequate energy intake (100% requirement), adequate electrolyte intake (CON); restricted energy intake (33% requirement), adequate electrolyte intake (ER-E); and restricted energy intake (33% requirement), restricted electrolyte intake (ER-P). At 48 h, cycling exercise capacity at 60% V  O 2 peak was determined in the heat (35.2°C; 61.5% relative humidity). RESULTS:Body mass loss during the 48 h was greater during ER-P (2.16 (0.36) kg) than ER-E (1.43 (0.47) kg; P<0.01) and CON (0.39 (0.68) kg; P<0.001), as well as greater during ER-E than CON (P<0.01). Plasma volume decreased during ER-P (P<0.001), but not ER-E or CON. Exercise capacity was greater during CON (73.6 (13.5) min) and ER-E (67.0 (17.2) min) than ER-P (56.5 (13.1) min; P<0.01), but was not different between CON and ER-E (P=0.237). Heart rate during exercise, was lower during CON and ER-E than ER-P (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:These results demonstrate that supplementation of sodium chloride and potassium chloride during energy restriction attenuated the reduction in exercise capacity that occurred with energy restriction alone. Supplementation maintained plasma volume at pre-trial levels and consequently prevented the increased heart rate observed with energy restriction alone. These results suggest that water and electrolyte imbalances associated with dietary energy and electrolyte restriction might contribute to reduced exercise capacity in the heat.

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“…[18][19][20][21] Fasting was either used as a treatment in obese subjects [21][22][23] or to test the effects of starvation on physical and psychological performance in normal weight soldiers. 20,24,25 No studies so far have formally compared the effects of fasting on body composition to other dietary plans after achieving similar proportional changes in body mass to assess the effects of rate of WL on body composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the cellular model of body composition to describe changes in body water compartments after total fasting, very low calorie diet and low calorie diet in obese men

et al. 2010

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Introduction: The cellular model of body composition divides the body in body cell mass (BCM), extracellular solids and extracellular fluids. This model has been infrequently applied for the evaluation of weight loss (WL) programmes. Objectives: (1) To assess changes in body compartments in obese men undergoing fasting, very low calorie diet (VLCD) and low calorie diet (LCD); (2) to evaluate two cellular models for the determination of changes in BCM, fat mass (FM) and body fluids. Materials and methods: Three groups of six, obese men participated in a total fast (F) for 6 days, a VLCD (2.5 MJ per day) for 3 weeks or an LCD (5.2 MJ per day) for 6 weeks. Body composition was measured at baseline and after small (B5%) and moderate (B10%) WL. FM was measured using a four-compartment model. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were, respectively, measured by deuterium and sodium bromide dilution and intracellular water (ICW) calculated by difference. Two cellular models were used to measure BCM, FM and body fluids distribution. Results: After about 5%WL changes in TBW were F ¼ À3.2±1.2 kg (Po0.01), VLCD ¼ À1.2±0.6 kg (Po0.01), LCD ¼ À0.3 ± 0.9 kg(n.s.). The contribution of TBW to total body mass loss was indirectly associated with FM loss. ECW increased during fasting ( þ 1.5±3.1 kg, n.s.), decreased during the VLCD (À2.0±1.5 kg, Po0.05) and remained unchanged at the end of the LCD (À0.3 ± 1.6 kg, n.s.). ICW significantly decreased during fasting (À4.7 ± 3.9 kg, Po0.05) but did not change in the LCD and VLCD groups. The loss of BCM was more significant in the fasting group and it was directly associated with changes in ICW. Conclusions: After a 6-day period of fasting we observed more ICW losses and less fat mobilization compared with VLCD and LCD. The cellular model of body composition is suitable for the characterization of changes in body fluids distribution during WL.

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Metabolic Aspects of Calorie Restriction: Hypohydration Effects on Body Weight and Blood Parameters

Cited by 30 publications

References 12 publications

Effect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Nutritional Status and Physical Performance Under Calorie Restriction

Effect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Nutritional Status and Physical Performance Under Calorie Restriction

Electrolyte supplementation during severe energy restriction increases exercise capacity in the heat

Use of the cellular model of body composition to describe changes in body water compartments after total fasting, very low calorie diet and low calorie diet in obese men

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