Metabolic cost of level, uphill, and downhill running in highly cushioned shoes with carbon-fiber plates

Whiting, Clarissa S; Hoogkamer, Wouter; Kram, Rodger

doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.10.004

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…On average, across grades, the benefit was 1.5%. This is less of a benefit than previous research showed for other new style road-racing shoes (Barnes and Kilding, 2019;Hoogkamer et al, 2018;Hunter et al, 2019;Whiting et al, 2021). However, this previous research compared the Nike Vaporfly 4% to either the Nike Zoom Streak or Adidas Adios Boost (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…All of the aforementioned racing shoe research has been done on level surfaces, preventing direct application to many road races which also include uphill and downhill conditions. However, one recent article found the Nike Vaporfly is not as effective on hilly courses compared with level (Whiting et al, 2021). Kinematic and kinetic differences between uphill and downhill running may affect the magnitude of benefit for this new style of racing shoe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energetics and Biomechanics of Uphill, Downhill and Level Running in Highly-Cushioned Carbon Fiber Midsole Plated Shoes

Hunter¹,

Bradshaw²,

McLeod³

et al. 2022

jsportscimed

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Road-racing shoes recently experienced major changes. In the recent past, lightweight, thin midsole shoes were thought to help runners maximize their performance. But, in 2017, Nike released the Vaporfly shoe which transformed the thinking about racing shoe design. Incorporating a curved carbon fiber plate embedded in a thick, compliant and resilient midsole resulted in a reduced metabolic cost across a range of running speeds. We hypothesized the new style of shoes would be less effective uphill than downhill due to the larger ground reaction forces and hence greater elastic energy storage in the shoe during downhill running. Eighteen runners completed two days of testing, each comprising two trials of two shoe models (Saucony Endorphin Pro (EP) and Type A) and three grade conditions (uphill, level and downhill), i.e. 12 trials per day. Oxygen uptake, ground reaction forces, and lower-body kinematics were captured during each condition. Comparisons of the percent metabolic benefit were made between shoes for each grade. Stride rate, ground time, peak vertical force, and flight time were regressed with the percent metabolic benefit of the EP over the Type A shoe across grades. Metabolic benefits of the Endorphin Pro were similar across the three grade conditions (p = 0.778). No significant correlations were observed between how much benefit one runner got over another specific to grade. The new style of road-racing shoes effectively decreases metabolic cost equally across grades. Differences in running mechanics between runners did not explain greater individual metabolic benefits between shoe conditions during uphill or downhill running.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetics and Biomechanics of Uphill, Downhill and Level Running in Highly-Cushioned Carbon Fiber Midsole Plated Shoes

Hunter¹,

Bradshaw²,

McLeod³

et al. 2022

jsportscimed

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“…These RE improvements are as substantial as those repeatedly reported for AFT road shoes vs. traditional racing flats. 3,4,41 The relation between improvements in submaximal RE and time trials performance has been shown before 9 and theoretical modeling of the relationship between RE and running performance 10 suggests that at speeds beyond 3 m/s time trial improvements will be smaller than RE improvements. Statistically the 3,000 m time trial results and the RE results are in line, with both AFT spike models performing better than the control spikes, without significant differences between the AFT spike models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of advanced footwear technology spikes on middle- and long-distance running performance measures in trained runners

Rodrigo-Carranza,

Muñoz de la Cruz,

Hoogkamer

2024

Preprint

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PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the influence of different spikes technologies on running economy and middle- and long-distance performance in trained runners.MethodsFourteen trained female and sixteen trained male runners participated in this study. Females performed a single visit with six 200 m trials at self-perceived 800 m race pace in three different spike conditions (Control, PEBA and PEBA+Plate) twice in a mirrored order, and three 800 m trials at 4.44 m/s in each spike condition. Males completed four visits. During the first three visits they performed six 200 m trials at self-perceived 800 m race pace in each spike condition. Subsequently, they performed a 3,000 m time trial in one of the three spike conditions. During visit four, participants completed six 4-minute running economy trials at 5 m/s, twice in each condition.ResultsThe main effect for spike condition was significant for speed at 800 m pace (p<0.001) in females and males, for speed during the 3,000 m time trial (p=0.013) in males and for running economy at 5 m/s, (p<0.001) in males.ConclusionAt 800 m race pace females ran faster in PEBA (2.1%) and PEBA+Plate (2.0%) compared to Control. Males ran faster in PEBA (1.2%) and PEBA+Plate (2.8%) compared to Control and in PEBA+Plate than in PEBA (1.5%). Similarly, males ran the 3,000 m time trial faster in PEBA (1.0%) and PEBA+Plate (2.4%) than in Control. Running economy at 5 m/s was better in PEBA (5.1%) and PEBA+Plate (4.0%) than in Control.Key pointsAdvanced Spikes Technology (PEBA and PEBA+Plate) improved middle and long-distance running performance measures compared to traditional spikes.PEBA (2.1%; 1.2%) and PEBA+Plate (2.0%; 2.7%) spikes improved average self-perceived 800 m race pace speed in females and males, respectively, compared to control spikes.In the 3,000 m time trials, males improved their speed by 1.0% when they used the PEBA spikes while they improved by 2.4% when they used the PEBA+Plate spikes.At 5 m/s running economy improved by 5.1% and 4.0% when using the PEBA and PEBA+Plate spikes compared to the control spikes.

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“… 4 , 6 In addition, the eversion of the hindfoot should be considered in designing running shoes suitable for RFS (i.e., cushioned running shoes). 44 To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to investigate the effects of foot strike patterns on a single subtalar joint via a high-speed DFIS. Given that most previous studies reported the advantages of FFS from the perspective of kinetics (e.g., loading rate and vertical ground reaction forces), 45 , 46 , 47 the current research serves as motivation to use DFIS to investigate the potential strength of FFS in terms of the movement of the ankle joint complex, including the tibiotalar and subtalar joints.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effect of foot strike patterns on in vivo tibiotalar and subtalar joint kinematics during barefoot running

Zhang

et al. 2024

Journal of Sport and Health Science

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Metabolic cost of level, uphill, and downhill running in highly cushioned shoes with carbon-fiber plates

Cited by 24 publications

References 27 publications

Energetics and Biomechanics of Uphill, Downhill and Level Running in Highly-Cushioned Carbon Fiber Midsole Plated Shoes

Energetics and Biomechanics of Uphill, Downhill and Level Running in Highly-Cushioned Carbon Fiber Midsole Plated Shoes

Influence of advanced footwear technology spikes on middle- and long-distance running performance measures in trained runners

Acute effect of foot strike patterns on in vivo tibiotalar and subtalar joint kinematics during barefoot running

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