Metabolic Labeling Mediated Targeting and Thermal Killing of Gram‐Positive Bacteria by Self‐Reporting Janus Magnetic Nanoparticles

Abstract

Nanoparticles have been widely used in detection and killing of bacteria; however, targeting bacteria is still challenging. Delicate design of nanoparticles is required for simultaneous targeting, detection, and therapeutic functions. Here the use of Au/MnFe2O4 (Au/MFO) Janus nanoparticles to target Gram‐positive bacteria via metabolic labeling is reported and realize integrated self‐reporting and thermal killing of bacteria. In these nanoparticles, the Au component is functionalized with tetrazine to target trans‐cyclooctene group anchored on bacterial cell wall by metabolic incorporation of d‐amino acids, and the MFO part exhibits peroxidase activity, enabling self‐reporting of bacteria before treatment. The spatial separation of targeting and reporting functions avoids the deterioration of catalytic activity after surface modification. Also important is that MFO facilitates magnetic separation and magnetic heating, leading to easy enrichment and magnetic thermal therapy of labeled bacteria. This method demonstrates that metabolic labeling with d‐amino acids is a promising strategy to specifically target and kill Gram‐positive bacteria.

Surface Design for Antibacterial Materials: From Fundamentals to Advanced Strategies

“…[ 186 ] Most of these targets are based on the inherent structure of bacteria, which makes it difficult for the bacteria to develop drug resistance. [ 189 ] At the same time, targeting can enhance the affinity between bacteria and materials, which could achieve different antibacterial patterns such as active adsorption on bacteria and limiting bacterial migration; [ 190 ] 2) Unique physical forms (spiral, star, and spherical) of micro/nano robots endow them with a strong ability to tear biofilm. [ 187 ] The vast majority of micro–nano robots can be manipulated artificially to achieve long‐distance targeting for infected sites, which can be helpful for removing bacteria effectively for various medical equipment and implants.…”

Molecular Engineering of Laser‐Induced Graphene for Potential‐Driven Broad‐Spectrum Antimicrobial and Antiviral Applications

“…Thus far, numerous materials have been reported to inactivate microorganisms and viruses, such as metals [14][15][16] and organic materials [17][18][19][20] for virucidal applications, and molecules, [21][22][23][24][25] polymers, [26][27][28][29] and metals [30][31][32][33] for bactericidal applications. It was reported that metal nanoparticles, cationic polymers, or metal ions can interact strongly with negatively charged bacterial envelopes, providing them a highly efficient bactericidal capacity.…”

Engineering bacterial surface interactions using DNA as a programmable material

“…82,84 Metabolic labeling-based bio-orthogonal reactions have also been demonstrated to improve the targeting capability of therapeutic nanoparticles, enhancing the thermal killing efficiency for pathogenic bacteria. 29 By extending natural surface ligands to metabolic chemical analogs, diverse artificial ligands can be incorporated onto the bacterial surface without interfering with native biological processes, vastly expanding the capability for bacterial surface engineering.…”

“…Many different functional materials, including fluorophores, 18,19 photosensitizers, 20,21 polymers, 22,23 biomolecules (unnatural sugars, 24 unnatural amino acids, 18,25 peptides, 26 proteins, 27 nucleic acids, 28 etc. ), nanoparticles, 29,30 as well as extruded cell membranes, 31,32 have been incorporated onto the bacterial surface. These artificial functions have enabled a better understanding of natural interactions and realized a wide range of applications including pathogen detection, 33 cell-based therapeutics, 20 and multicellular assembly.…”