Metabolic risk factors in U.S. youth with low relative muscle mass

Abstract

Summary Aims To examine the association between relative muscle mass (RMM) and nine risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes (CVD/DM) in U.S. youth. Methods We used a sample representative of the U.S. population of youth, aged 8–20 years (NHANES 1999–2004). We compared the prevalence of adverse levels of nine CVD/DM risk factors between youths in the lowest quartile of RMM and their peers in the remaining quartiles, controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. We also examined variations in the adjusted prevalence of these risk factors along the entire range of RMM. Results The adjusted prevalence of adverse levels of risk factors among youths in the lowest quartile of RMM was significantly higher for seven of the nine risk factors examined compared with their peers in the other quartiles. Over the entire range of RMM, the adjusted prevalence of adverse levels of each of these seven risk factors decreased gradually with increasing RMM values (all p for trend <0.001). Conclusions RMM and prevalence of adverse risk factors for CVD/DM are highly and inversely associated in U.S. youth. Among youth with low RMM, the risk of these chronic diseases could be significantly high later in life.

Low muscle mass is associated with cardiometabolic risk regardless of nutritional status in adolescents: A cross-sectional study in a Chilean birth cohort

“…Values at or below 64.3% (those into the first quartile) defined sarcopenia in both males and females. Although Kim and Valdez used the same cutoff limit for sarcopenia diagnosis in both sexes and this cutoff was estimated based on statistical criteria, the prevalence of low lean mass in US children and adolescents was similar to that observed in our sample. Another study in young males from South Korea, the prevalence of MetS, high waist circumference, high triglycerides, and high blood pressure was significantly greater in the low muscle mass group than in the high muscle mass group .…”

“…Very few studies have approached the link of LMM and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents, and their results are consistent with ours. In a representative US sample aged 8 to 20 years (NHANES 1999‐2004), a negative and significant relationship between muscle mass and 7 CMR factors was reported . In this study, as in ours, muscle mass was evaluated as a percentage of muscle mass relative to the sum of muscle and fat mass, using DXA.…”

“…Total lean tissue (TLT) was expressed as the percentage of muscle mass relative to the sum of muscle and fat mass {100 × muscle mass (kg)/[muscle mass (kg) + fat mass (kg)]}. 21 ASM was calculated by sum of muscle mass in arms and legs (kg) and expressed as percentage of body weight (ASM/Weight). ROC analysis was performed to find the optimal cutoff values of TLT ASM percentage for MetS diagnosis in males and females.…”

O-GlcNAcase deficiency suppresses skeletal myogenesis and insulin sensitivity in mice through the modulation of mitochondrial homeostasis

“…Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is considered an early hallmark in the development of type 2 diabetes [2]. A long-term diabetic condition usually results in skeletal muscle myopathy, which is a common source of disability in both type 1 and 2 diabetic populations and is increasing in prevalence [3][4][5]. Despite accumulating studies, the molecular mechanism underlying the skeletal muscle defects in the diabetic condition remains limited.…”

Resistance Training Effects on Metabolic Function Among Youth: A Systematic Review

“…More so than aerobic exercise, resistance training increases muscle mass, and thereby may provide a more effective mechanism for improved glucose disposal (14, 17, 25) and potentially other cardiometabolic outcomes, independent of weight loss (14, 17, 25). In cross-sectional studies, relative muscle mass has been inversely associated with several cardiometabolic markers [blood pressure (BP), C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and insulin] among youth aged 8–20yrs (NHANES 1999–2004) (19). Resistance training may be more appealing to those who experience difficulty participating in aerobic training, particularly the obese (30, 31).…”