Metabolic Studies of the Changes in Body Electrolyte and Distribution of Body Water Induced Experimentally by Deficit of Extracellular Electrolyte 1

Darrow, Daniel C.; Yannet, Herman

doi:10.1172/jci100792

Cited by 49 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…As suggested by other reports (1,13,14), animals depleted of sodium developed a negative nitrogen balance which was more pronounced than that observed in controls ( Figure 5). Net urinary losses of potassium in the two groups was similar and proportional to net losses of nitrogen WT. gm.. in the approximate ratio of 3 mEq of potassium to 1 g of nitrogen.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

Sodium Depletion and Renal Conservation of Water*

Baker¹,

Levitin²,

Epstein³

1961

J. Clin. Invest.

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The deleterious influence of sodium depletion upon circulatory efficiency and renal function is well known (1-5). Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow are generally decreased, sodium excretion declines to the vanishing point, and the ability to excrete a water load is impaired (4, 6). Dilutional hyponatremia, by contrast, is often attended by an increase in glomerular filtration rate and enhanced excretion of sodium (7,8), as well as by some decline in maximal urinary concentration of solutes (9).The present experiments, carried out on rats, were designed to explore the effect of hyponatremia induced by the removal of body sodium upon the ability of the kidneys to conserve water and to concentrate the urine maximally. Maximal urinary concentration was not diminished by merely removing sodium from the diet. However, rats depleted of sodium by peritoneal dialysis demonstrated a considerable fall in renal concentrating ability which resulted in striking losses of water from the body and eventual restoration of serum sodium at the expense of the volume of body fluids. METHODSGroup I. The effect of a sodium-free diet upon renal concentrating ability. Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 240 to 290 g were fed a synthetic diet containing liberal amounts of sodium and were allowed food and water ad lib. for 6 days. At the end of this time, food and water were withheld and 100 mU of vasopressin suspended in peanut oil was injected subcutaneously. Urine was collected under mineral oil for 24 hours and *Aided by grants from the National Heart Institute (H-834), the American Heart Association and the Lawrence Gelb Foundation. Presented in part to the American Federation for Clinical Research, Atlantic City, N. J., May, 1960. t During the tenure of a USPHS postdoctoral fellowship.t During the tenure of an Advanced Fellowship of the American Heart Association. § During tenure as an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association. its osmolality (Umax) was determined with a Fiske osmometer. The procedure was repeated on the same animals after they had received a diet containing no sodium for 6 days.Twelve additional rats, weighing 290 to 310 g, were fed a sodium-free diet for 6 days, at the end of which Umax was determined. A diet containing adequate amounts of sodium was then allowed but, in order to keep the intake of protein and calories constant, only in amounts limited to those the same animal had consumed during its preceding sodium-free period. In this way each rat served as its own pair-fed control. After 6 days Umax was again measured.Group II. The effect of severe hyponatremia upon renal concentrating ability. Nineteen rats (group Ha), weighing 375 to 425 g, were placed on a sodium-free diet. Subsequently a stainless steel cannula of the type described by Kolff and Page (10), was sewn into the peritoneal cavity of each animal and the operative incision allowed to heal. The rats were then placed in individual metabolism cages so that the intake of food and water and the output of urine could...

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

Sodium Depletion and Renal Conservation of Water*

Baker¹,

Levitin²,

Epstein³

1961

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…It has been described in experiments with water deprivation in the rabbit (14). 96 In man, it follows the ingestion of dry sodium chloride (15); in the dog, it follows the intravenous infusion of hypertonic sodium sulfate (16) and the injection of hypertonic saline in animals previously depleted of sodium and chloride (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfers of Intracellular Potassium in Experimental Dehydration 1

Elkinton¹,

Winkler²

1944

J. Clin. Invest.

105

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Prolonged dehydration and starvation in the dog result in the sacrifice by the organism of more potassium than that derived from the breakdown of tissue (1). There is no comparable sacrifice of sodium. As a result, the diminution of intracellular fluid is exaggerated while that of extracellular fluid is minimized. (6) where bci and bNa = balance of chloride and of sodium, respectively. El = initial extracellular fluid = liters corresponding to one-fourth of the body weight in kilograms. Cl1 and Cl2 = initial and final concentration of chloride in extracellular water. Na, and Nag = initial and final concentration of sodium in extracellular water. The concentrations of chloride, sodium, and potassium in extracellular water (ECW) were calculated from the serum concentrations (s) This was estimated in two independent ways. AII (first method) = AW -AEc0,AIII (second method) = 2.7 Pwhere Wt. = initial body weight in kilograms, P = protein burned, in kilograms, bK' = bK -(KEcW2 X E2) + (KEOW X El)-380 P = balance of "excess" potassium, bK = total balance of potassium, AB = B2-Bi, B = NaBCw + 10 m.eq. per liter.(12) (13) (14) 93

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“…These experiments support earlier work demonstrating that the fall of sodium in scalded cats could be prevented if the blood vessels to the injured area were occluded (22). On the basis of these studies it has been suggested (20) that the diminished plasma volume in burn and traumatic shock is due to a systemic sodium depletion, analogous to that produced experimentally by loss of electrolytes into the peritoneal cavity (23), rather than to a loss of circulating plasma protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%