Metabolic Studies on the Gas Gland of the Swim Bladder

Ball, Eric G.; Strittmatter, Cornelius F.; Cooper, Octavia

doi:10.2307/1538390

Cited by 47 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The structural basis for the Root effect were proposed by Perutz and Brunori (122) as residing in the replacement of the CysbF9 residue by Ser, whose H-bond with HisbH24 would stabilize the T deoxygenated quaternary conformation, such that the allosteric equilibrium does not stabilize the R form even in the fully liganded species (Fig. 4).…”

Section: Tetrameric Hemoglobins: Lessons On the Modulation Of Cooperamentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple strategies for O2 transport: from simplicity to complexity

et al. 2007

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SummaryO 2 carriers (extracellular and intracellular as well as monomeric and multimeric) have evolved over the last billion of years, displaying iron and copper reactive centers; very different O 2 carriers may coexist in the same organism. Circulating O 2 carriers, faced to the external environment, are responsible for maintaining an adequate delivery of O 2 to tissues and organs almost independently of the environmental O 2 partial pressure. Then, intracellular globins facilitate O 2 transfer to mitochondria sustaining cellular respiration. Here, molecular aspects of multiple strategies evolved for O 2 transport and delivery are examined, from the simplest myoglobin to the most complex giant O 2 carriers and the red blood cell, mostly focusing on the aspects which have been mainly addressed by the so called 'Rome Group'.

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Section: Tetrameric Hemoglobins: Lessons On the Modulation Of Cooperamentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple strategies for O2 transport: from simplicity to complexity

et al. 2007

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“…The maintenance of the pH gradient, which ensures continuing operation of the system, is due to the metabolism of the fish. It is known that the gas gland, associated to the swim bladder, produces large amounts of lactic acid even in the presence of oxygen (12).…”

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A macromolecular transducer as illustrated by trout hemoglobin IV.

Brunori¹,

Coletta²,

Giardina³

et al. 1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Oxygen binding by trout Hb IV has been investigated as a function of pH up to 10 atmospheres (1 MPa) of pure 02. The results bring out an extreme proton-oxygen linkage, which gives rise to a Root effect. They are discussed in relation to the function of the hemoglobin as an oxygen pump. The system is of special interest as providing a prototype of a macromolecule acting as a transducer by coupling two allosterically linked reactions. The basic function of the hemoglobins is to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to all parts of the organisms in which they occur. In order to accomplish this task they have developed, in the course of evolution, a common molecular mechanism based on the principle of ligand-linked conformational change in a multisubunit structure (1-3). Within the framework of this common mechanism, however, different hemoglobins, sometimes in the same organism, have acquired special features to meet special needs. This is illustrated in certain of the teleost fish, such as the rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), in which different hemoglobins, characterized by distinct properties, have been isolated and investigated (4). One of the components of trout blood, in fact the major one (trout Hb IV), has acquired very special properties that enable it to serve as a pump for injecting 02 into the swim bladder against a very high opposing pressure. This function, widespread among teleost fishes, was recognized long ago by Root (5) and was subsequently studied in the unfractioned hemolysate of benthic fishes and qualitatively analyzed by Scholander and van Dam (6).The object of this communication is the presentation of the oxygen equilibria of isolated trout Hb IV, which is responsible for this phenomenon. These equilibria are of interest not only because they illustrate the variations possible within the scope of an overall allosteric mechanism, but, even more, because this hemoglobin represents a type case of how a macromolecule, operating under steady-state conditions, can serve as a transducer.In view of the very low 02 affinity of trout Hb IV at acid pH, which is what makes the pump effective, the experiments called for the application of high partial pressures of 02; we developed, therefore, a special spectrophotometric cell capable of operating up to approximately 25 atmospheres (1 atm = 101 kPa), following the pioneering work of Scholander and van Dam (6). This makes it possible to undertake a complete thermodynamic characterization of 02 binding by this Hb, in the same way as was done in the case of CO (7). In that case, the thermodynamic analysis of the data obtained by calorimetric and equilibrium experiments provided clear evidence for the strong dependence of the allosteric equilibrium constant, Lo = (Ro)/(To), on the concentration of allosteric effectors, such as H+ and organic phosphates, according to prediction based The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C...

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“…JACOBS (1932) found very high CO, values in freshly deposited gas from Perca Juviatalis. BALL, STRITTMATTER and COOPER (1955) found that gas gland tissue from severalspecies converts most of its glucose to lactic acid even in an atmosphere of 0,. HOGBEN (1 958) measured the pH in two chambers initially filled with identical fluid but separated by the epithelium from the bladder of codfish.…”

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The Physiology of the Swimbladder in the Eel Anguilla Vulgaris

Steen¹

1963

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

112

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Steen, Johan B. The physiology of the swimbladder of the eel, Anguilla vulgaris. III. The mechanism of gas secretion. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 221–241. — The mechanism of gas secretion has been investigated by analysis of blood samples from arteries and veins at both poles of the rete associated with the gas gland. During gas deposition, as measured by gas analyses of the bladder content, the blood is enriched in lactic acid as it circulates in the bladder epithelium. The pH of this blood is about 1 pH unit lower than that in the blood entering the rete from the gills. Part of the lactic acid diffuses from venous to arterial capillaries in the rete. A gradient in gas tension across the rete is produced partly by the existing acid gradient, and partly by the delayed response of the gas tension to the change in acid content which the blood undergoes as it passes the rete. The results strongly support the theory that gas concentration occurs by a counter current multiplication in the rete of a primary gradient induced by the addition of acid electrolytes to the venous blood. The measured values on acid content, pH and blood flow agree very well with the values which have been found adequate, through calculations on the potentialities of such systems, to produce gas pressures higher than those actually measured, and it is concluded that this secretory mechanism will explain secretion of all the atmospheric gases even in deep sea fishes.

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Metabolic Studies on the Gas Gland of the Swim Bladder

Cited by 47 publications

References 15 publications

Multiple strategies for O2 transport: from simplicity to complexity

Multiple strategies for O2 transport: from simplicity to complexity

A macromolecular transducer as illustrated by trout hemoglobin IV.

The Physiology of the Swimbladder in the Eel Anguilla Vulgaris

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