Metabolic syndrome and obesity among users of second generation antipsychotics: A global challenge for modern psychopharmacology

Anti-Psychotic Medication and the Pattern of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Population Based Study (The Ayrshire Diabetes Follow-Up Cohort (ADOC) Study)

“…This study confirmed that in patients on anti-psychotic medication there is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors with hypertension, smoking, type 2 diabetes and probably hyperlipidaemia [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Type 2 diabetes occurs in mental health illness, particularly patients with schizophrenia, at higher rates than in the general population [15].…”

“…Furthermore, schizophrenia itself may be a risk factor for diabetes, and there is also increasing concern that antipsychotic drugs, particularly second-generation antipsychotics, have metabolic consequences that contribute to the risk [4]. Antipsychotic medications can cause significant weight gain and this may be one of the mechanisms by which they increase the incidence of diabetes [5,6]. Weight gain alone does not explain the increase in risk of diabetes mellitus, as some people who receive antipsychotic medications develop diabetes mellitus without baseline obesity and without weight gain [7].…”

The atypical antipsychotic olanzapine causes weight gain by targeting serotonin receptor 2C

“…Moreover, the incidence of diabetes among AATP users is 4 times higher than in age-, race-, and sex-matched controls (3). While morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes typically take years to unfold in the general population, these conditions manifest acutely (within months) following AATP treatment (4). The rapid disease onset suggests a distinct etiology underlying AATP-induced metabolic syndrome that remains poorly understood.…”

Etiopathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia – recent findings

“…53, No. 1, p. 27-42 boličkog sindroma; porast tjelesne mase, uz razvoj hipertrigliceridemije i inzulinske rezistencije smatraju se najučestalijim manifestacijama metaboličkog sindroma koje se vezuju uz upotrebu navedenih lijekova 23,37 . Čini se da blokada serotoninskih 5-HT2 receptora i histaminskih H1 receptora antipsihotičnim lijekovima najviše pridonosi porastu tjelesne mase u pacijenata sa shizofrenijom; istraživanja na animalnim modelima i u humanoj populaciji pokazala su da inhibicija navedenih neurotransmiterskih sustava, osim što opušta (sedira) pacijenta i tako smanjuje fizičku aktivnost, ima za posljedicu smanjenje učinka "hormona sitosti" -leptina na kontrolu unosa hrane u hipotalamusu, što rezultira pojačanom sekrecijom leptina, razvojem rezistencije na leptin i povećanim apetitom 24,38,39 .…”

“…Body mass index; BMI), pri čemu su ispitanici s najnižom raspoloživosti receptora ujedno pokazivali i najviše BMI vrijednosti. Potrebno je spomenuti da brojne spoznaje ukazuju na mogućnost da antipsihotični lijekovi mogu pridonijeti poremećenom metabolizmu lipida i glukoze neovisno o njihovu učinku na tjelesnu masu 4,37 . Jedan od mehanizama mogao bi, između ostalog, biti posredovan indukcijom ekspresije gena za različite transkripcijske čimbenike od strane antipsihotičnih lijekova, poput gena za protein koji veže regulacijski element sterola (engl.…”