Metabolism and Disposition of Bisphenol A in Female Rats

Snyder, Rodney W.; Maness, Susan C.; Gaido, Kevin W.; Welsch, Frank; Sumner, Susan; Fennell, Timothy R.

doi:10.1006/taap.2000.9051

Cited by 195 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Both conjugated and free species have been used as valid biomarkers of exposure to the parent compounds (6,9,46). Because conjugation (i.e., Phase II biotransformation) is considered to be a detoxification process (47,48), the presence of the unconjugated (i.e., free) species in circulation can be taken to reflect exposure to the biologically active form of the compounds (35, 49-51). Of note, even young children soon after birth appear to have some capacity to metabolize nonpersistent compounds to their corresponding conjugates, as suggested from studies on exposure to BPA, triclosan, benzophenone-3, methyl-and propyl-parabens and phthalates in premature infants (39,52).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Zhou

Wong

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Concerns exist regarding children's exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and other phenols because of the higher sensitivity, compared to adults, of children's developing organs to endocrine disruptors. Several studies reported the urinary concentrations of these phenols in children, but data on levels of these compounds in children's serum are limited. We present here the total (free plus conjugated) and free concentrations of BPA and seven other phenols in 24 pooled serum samples prepared from individual specimens collected from 936 children 3-11 years old who participated in the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We detected benzophenone-3, triclosan, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and three parabens in at least 60% of the pools suggesting children's exposure to these compounds or their precursors. Conjugated phenols were the major species. However, although many previous studies have shown widespread detection of BPA in children's urine, we only detected total or free BPA in 3 and 2 pooled serum samples, respectively, at concentrations of 0.1-0.2 µg/L. The non-persistent nature of BPA and the phenols examined and the likely episodic nature of the exposures to these compounds (or their precursors) suggest that for general population biomonitoring of these nonpersistent phenols, urine, not serum or plasma, is the preferred matrix.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Zhou

Wong

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…It has been reported that phenolic compounds mostly exist as glucuronide in biological samples. [18][19][20] In this study, the very low concentration of BPA and NP may be caused by their metabolism. Not only unconjugated targets, but also conjugated metabolites should be measured for an exact risk assessment to humans.…”

Section: Application Of the Proposed Methods To Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol in Human Milk Using Alkaline Digestion and Cleanup by Solid-Phase Extraction

2003

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A highly sensitive and selective method based on alkaline digestion for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) was developed. The method consists of digestion of the matrix with ethanolic KOH, extraction with diethyl ether under a mild alkaline condition, cleaning with successive aminopropyl (NH2) cartridges and derivatization followed by a GC-MS analysis. The assay accuracies, expressed as recoveries, were 82 -113% for BPA and 89 -97% for NP. The limits of detection of BPA and NP were 0.09 ng/g and 0.50 ng/g, respectively. The procedure will be reliable for the trace analysis of BPA and NP in human milk, since alkaline digestion can diminish their documented association with protein.

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“…This methodology has the caveat that human exposure to BPA is primarily through oral ingestion, and therefore, BPA goes through first pass metabolism in the liver, where it is estimated that 95% of ingested BPA is metabolized to the glucocoronidated form (BPA-monoglucuronide, BPAG). BPAG has been found to contain no endocrine disrupting or adverse effects [44,45]. Wetherill et al [43] did not measure BPAG levels in serum; however, the level of BPA in the serum of mice implanted with the time-release pellets did fall within the range of BPA detected in adult human serum.…”

Section: Bisphenol a Impact On Prostate Cancer Treatment: In Vivo Evimentioning

confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A may reduce the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer

Hess-Wilson

2009

Cancer Causes Control

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Metabolism and Disposition of Bisphenol A in Female Rats

Cited by 195 publications

References 26 publications

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Determination of Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol in Human Milk Using Alkaline Digestion and Cleanup by Solid-Phase Extraction

Bisphenol A may reduce the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer

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