Metabolism and functions of phosphatidylserine

Nonvesicular Lipid Transfer from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

“…The Kennedy pathway is mediated by three sequential reactions, similar to those that are involved in PC biosynthesis, including phosphorylation of ethanolamine by ethanolamine kinase (EK) to produce phosphoethanolamine, condensation of phosphoethanolamine to CTP by CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (ET) to produce CDP-ethanolamine, and finally, transferring of phosphoethanolamine to DAG, by CDP-ethanolamine:diacyl glycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EPT) (Fig. 1) (Vance and Steenbergen 2005;Vance 2008).…”

TheArabidopsisStem Cell Factor POLTERGEIST Is Membrane Localized and Phospholipid Stimulated

“…The phosphatidylinositol (PI) monophosphates [PI(3)P and PI(4)P specifically] and PS, on the other hand, are excellent candidates for interacting with POL and PLL1 in planta because these lipids are present, to varying degrees, in the inner leaf of plasma membrane (Uemura et al, 1995;Vance and Steenbergen, 2005;Skwarek and Boulianne, 2009;Vermeer et al, 2009). For a few of these lipids, in-depth studies have been performed to visualize how the lipids behave and are distributed in living plant cells.…”

“…PI(5)P binds to and negatively regulates the Arabidopsis histone methyltransferase, ARABIDOPSIS TRI-THORAX1 (ATX1), which results in an alteration of the expression of ATX1-controlled genes ( Alvarez-Venegas et al, 2006). PS is a cofactor for a number of enzymes, such as protein kinase C, and can also activate various proteins, including the Na + /K + ATPase (Vance and Steenbergen, 2005).…”

Bioenergetics and Biological Electron Transport

“…This complexity, there are over 1000 different lipids in mammalian cells, indicates that there is some tuning of the properties of the lipid bilayer for different applications [76][77][78]. Figure 1.33 shows the structures of some common glycerophospholipids, that is phospholipids based on phosphatidic acid (3-sn-phosphatidic acid) esterified with different headgroups.…”

“…Studies of the phospholipid composition of chloroplasts and mitochondria from avocado and cauliflower showed differences in the precise composition between the species and major differences between the chloroplast and mitochondrion in both cases [76]. Diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) is highly enriched in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is not generally present in other cellular membranes; phosphatidylethanolamine is relatively more abundant and phosphatidylserine relatively less abundant in mitochondrial inner membranes [77]. The particular composition of the phospholipid bilayer determines its fluidity, which then regulates the properties of proteins embedded within it.…”