Metabolism of aceclofenac in cattle to vulture‐killing diclofenac

Galligan, Toby H.; Taggart, Mark A.; Cuthbert, Richard; Svobodová, Dagmar; Chipangura, John Kudakwashe; Alderson, Dawn.; Prakash, Vibhu; Naidoo, Vinny

doi:10.1111/cobi.12711

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In addition to the continuing threat from diclofenac, other veterinary NSAIDs that are toxic to Gyps vultures are approved for legal use in India and are likely to be causing mortality. These include ketoprofen, for which there is experimental evidence of toxicity to vultures below the maximum level of exposure for White-rumped Vulture (Naidoo et al 2010) and aceclofenac, which is largely metabolised to diclofenac within cattle (Galligan et al 2016). In addition, nimesulide residues have been found associated with visceral gout in vultures found dead in the wild in India (Cuthbert et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent changes in populations of Critically EndangeredGypsvultures in India

Prakash

Galligan

Chakraborty

et al. 2017

Bird Conservation International

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SummaryPopulations of the White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis, Indian Vulture G. indicus and Slender-billed Vulture G. tenuirostris declined rapidly during the mid-1990s all over their ranges in the Indian subcontinent because of poisoning due to veterinary use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. This paper reports results from the latest in a series of road transect surveys conducted across northern, central, western and north-eastern India since the early 1990s. Results from the seven comparable surveys now available were analysed to estimate recent population trends. Populations of all three species of vulture remained at a low level. The previously rapid decline of White-rumped Vulture has slowed and may have reversed since the ban on veterinary use of diclofenac in India in 2006. A few thousand of this species, possibly up to the low tens of thousands, remained in India in 2015. The population of Indian Vulture continued to decline, though probably at a much slower rate than in the 1990s. This remains the most numerous of the three species in India with about 12,000 individuals in 2015 and a confidence interval ranging from a few thousands to a few tens of thousands. The trend in the rarest species, Slender-billed Vulture, which probably numbers not much more than 1,000 individuals in India, cannot be determined reliably.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent changes in populations of Critically EndangeredGypsvultures in India

Prakash

Galligan

Chakraborty

et al. 2017

Bird Conservation International

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“…However, diclofenac formulated for human use continues to be used illegally and several other veterinary drugs (e.g. ketoprofen, aceclofenac, nimesulide) available for legal use are known to be nephrotoxic to be vultures (Cuthbert et al, 2016;Galligan et al, 2016;Naidoo et al, 2010). Hence, understanding the contribution of domestic livestock in the diet of vultures could still serve as an important index of mortality risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabarcoding for parallel identification of species, sex and diet of obligate scavengers: an application to globally-threatened Gyps vultures

Ghosh-Harihar

Gurung

Shukla

et al. 2020

Conservation Genet Resour

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An understanding of the factors affecting the diet composition of critically endangered Gyps vultures in the Indian subcontinent has important applications to the design of effective conservation strategies. After suffering a massive decline (~99%) in numbers caused by veterinary use of the nephrotoxic drug diclofenac, vultures now persist in very low numbers, mostly concentrated within or near National Parks. This spatial association might be attributed to the availability of wild ungulate carcasses free from toxic veterinary drugs. Hence, quantification of vulture diets and the factors affecting them is critical to test this hypothesis. Here, we describe and validate a robust "field-to-benchtop-to-desktop" metabarcoding workflow for assessing the species-and sex-specific diet of these obligate scavengers from non-invasively collected faecal samples. Seven metabarcodes targeting mitochondrial and nuclear genes were used to simultaneously determine the vulture species identity, sex and species consumed. The amplicons were sequenced using an Illumina Miseq platform.We included controls and three replicates per sample to establish a series of nonarbitrary thresholds to filter the sequence data and eliminate cross-contamination, PCR/sequencing errors and false positives. Using this strategy enabled identification of species and sex for all samples. Diet species-specific sequences could be identified with high taxonomic resolution for 93% of samples. Out of the seven metabarcodes, just four were sufficient to meet the objectives. From this preliminary analysis, domestic livestock seem to be the most frequently consumed diet item across samples from inside and outside protected habitats. Our method provides a rapid and reliable tool for describing large-scale variation in consumption of domestic versus wild species in the diet of these species, paving the way for a better understanding of the

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“…Since then, safety trials have now confirmed nephrotoxicity at plausible field exposure levels in Gyps due to ketoprofen [33], carprofen [34] and aceclofenac [35] -whilst very worryingly, both nimesulide (in South Asia; [36] and flunixin (in Europe; [37]) have now been clearly linked to wild Gyps mortalities on two continents. Further, concern now also exists regarding potential impacts on what some may consider to be more enigmatic species such as eagles, following the death of two steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis) in India in association…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%