Metabolism of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in the retina

Bazán, Nicolás G.; Reddy, T. Sanjeeva; Bazán, Haydee E. P.; Birkle, Dale L.

doi:10.1016/0163-7827(86)90122-0

Cited by 76 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The present finding of genes encoding various sPLA 2 s in the retina strongly supports the previous hypotheses of PLA 2 as a significant player in retinal maintenance and during pathologic conditions (Bazan, 1976;Aveldano de Caldironi et al, 1981;Bazan et al, 1986;Birkle and Bazan, 1989;Jacob et al, 1996Jacob et al, , 1998Rego et al, 1996;Bonne et al, 1998;Giusto et al, 2000). In addition to the detection of genes encoding sPLA 2 s, we demonstrated the location of sPLA 2 -IB.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the rat retina

Kolko

Christoffersen

Barreiro

et al. 2004

J of Neuroscience Research

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Low-molecular-weight secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) are a subgroup of PLA(2)s, which are secreted, bind to receptors, and may act as intercellular signaling modulators. At least 10 different groups have been characterized in mammals, and there is expanding evidence of the significance of sPLA(2)s in neuronal signaling and survival [Kolko et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271: 32722-32728]. To date, no retinal sPLA(2)s have been cloned or characterized. We evaluated the existence and abundance of sPLA(2) subtypes in rat retina and explored their possible involvement in light-induced retinal damage. We designed primers to identify the sPLA(2)s in rat retina, based on known sequences of sPLA(2)-specific mRNAs in other tissues. RNA was isolated from rat retina, and cDNA was produced and used for PCR cloning to identify the novel subtypes of sPLA(2). Our study revealed the presence of mRNAs encoding sPLA(2)-IB, -X, -V, -IIE, -IIA, and -IIF in the retina, and quantification by real-time PCR revealed different abundances of the sPLA(2)s. We showed a time-dependent gene induction of sPLA(2)-X, -IB, and -V in light-induced retinal damage. We further explored the location of sPLA(2)-IB by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This study is the first to reveal the presence, abundance, and induction of mRNAs encoding sPLA(2)s in rat retina. We suggest that these enzymes are themselves intercellular signaling modulators of retinal cell function and perhaps also of retinal degeneration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Previous studies have indirectly shown the presence of PLA 2 s in the retina (Aveldano de Caldironi et al, 1981;Bazan et al, 1986;Jacob et al, 1998;Giusto et al, 2000). Here, we demonstrate the existence of genes encoding six subgroups of sPLA 2 (sPLA 2 -IB, -V, -X, -IIE, -IIA, and -IIF) in rat retina.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the rat retina

Kolko

Christoffersen

Barreiro

et al. 2004

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…A second messenger cascade that has emerged in recent years as being involved in several aspects of neural functions is the receptor-coupled phospholipase A2 (PLA2), whose activation leads to the release ofarachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids; AA may in turn become the substrate for specific cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases to generate prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively (15). Accordingly, a role for AA has been considered in long-term potentiation, ischemia, and seizures (16,17). AA is released by astrocytes (18), where it has been shown to inhibit the uptake of glutamate (19)(20)(21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Arachidonic acid stimulates glucose uptake in cerebral cortical astrocytes.

Martin

Stella

et al. 1993

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

105

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Arachidonic acid (AA) has recently been shown to influence various cellular functions in the central nervous system. Here we report that AA increases, in a timeand concentration-dependent manner, 2-deoxy-D- [1-3H] uptake, for which the EC50 of NE is 1 IAM. Since the cerebral cortex, the brain region from which astrocytes used in this study were prepared, receives a massive noradrenergic innervation, originating from the locus coeruleus, the effects of NE reported here further stress the notion that certain neurotransmitters may play a role in the regulation of energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex and point at astrocytes as the likely targets of such metabolic effects.Astrocytes play an important role in the maintenance of local homeostasis within the central nervous system (1, 2). In addition to clearing the extracellular space from K+, glutamate, or 'y-aminobutyric acid, whose levels increase as a result of neuronal activity (3)(4)(5), astrocytes may contribute to energy metabolism homeostasis, a function already postulated over a century ago by Golgi (6). For example, astrocytes are the cell type in which glycogen is almost exclusively stored within the central nervous system (7,8), and certain neurotransmitters can readily mobilize this energy reserve (9, 10). Thus, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and norepinephrine (NE), two neurotransmitters contained in discrete neuronal populations in the cerebral cortex (11), promote, within minutes of application, glycogenolysis in primary cultures of astrocytes (12); within a longer time frame (4-8 hr), these two neurotransmitters promote glycogen resynthesis (13 (29), and elevated extracellular K+ (30). Given the role that astrocytes play in the regulation of energy metabolism in the central nervous system, we set out to determine the consequences of manipulating AA metabolism on glucose uptake in astrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS AA was purchased from Nu Chek Prep (Elysian, MN);[3H]2DG (specific activity, 17.3 Ci/mmol; 1 Ci = 37 GBq) and [3H]AA (specific activity, 200 Ci/mmol) were from Amersham. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was purchased from Seromed (Berlin), while Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and all other chemicals were from Sigma. AA was dissolved in hexan (1 mg/ml) and stored as a stock solution at -70°C. On the day ofthe experiment, an aliquot was taken, evaporated under a stream of nitrogen, resuspended in 1 ml of diluted [3H]

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“…Some thraustochytrids accumulate large amounts of lipids. Nutritionally, DHA is one of the essential fatty acids 2 . To date, our team has studied DHA production using Aurantiochytrium limacinum strain mh0186.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cold Shock Treatment on Total Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Aurantiochytrium limacinum strain mh0186

et al. 2011

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Metabolism of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in the retina

Cited by 76 publications

References 89 publications

Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the rat retina

Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the rat retina

Arachidonic acid stimulates glucose uptake in cerebral cortical astrocytes.

Effects of Cold Shock Treatment on Total Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Aurantiochytrium limacinum strain mh0186

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Metabolism of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in the retina

Cited by 76 publications

References 89 publications

Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A2 in the rat retina

Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A2 in the rat retina

Arachidonic acid stimulates glucose uptake in cerebral cortical astrocytes.

Effects of Cold Shock Treatment on Total Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Aurantiochytrium limacinum strain mh0186

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Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the rat retina

Expression and location of mRNAs encoding multiple forms of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the rat retina