Metabolism of deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine by the soluble fraction (105000g) from goose liver homogenates

Ts, Foster; Su, Khan; Mh, Akhtar

doi:10.1021/jf60232a076

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In animals, hydroxylation and N-dealkylation are described as the main metabolism pathways (Bakke et al, 1972;Foster et al, 1980). This study focused on conjugation to GSH in zebra"sh embryos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicokinetics of Atrazine in Embryos of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Wiegand

Krause²,

Steinberg

et al. 2001

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

143

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicokinetics of Atrazine in Embryos of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Wiegand

Krause²,

Steinberg

et al. 2001

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

143

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“…It appears that in the liver homogenate incubation system, the bound 2-chloro dealkylated metabolites in the plant tissues were released and subsequently metabolized to 2-hydroxy analogues. In our earlier studies it was shown that in the metabolism of atrazine by the soluble fraction from chicken liver homogenates, the hydrolysis reaction predominates, resulting in the formation of 2-hydroxy analogues which do not undergo further degradation by dealkylation (Foster et al, 1980). Only a few studies have been reported on the bioavailability of plant-bound residues to animals (Paulson et al, 1975;Sutherland, 1976;Dorough, 1976;Marshall and Dorough, 1977).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro release of bound (nonextractable) atrazine residues from corn plants by chicken liver homogenate and bovine rumen liquor

Su¹,

Mh²

1983

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…These data indicate that the two anthranilate derivatives under assessment undergo a similar metabolic fate in mammals (including the human) and fish. It must be noted that the key enzymes of that metabolic pathway, carboxyesterases and N-dealkylases, are expressed in birds (Mulla et al, 1981 for the former, Khan, 1976 andFoster et al, 1980 for the latter).…”

Section: Safety For the Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of anthranilate derivatives (chemical group 27) when used as flavourings for all animal species

Högstrand¹

2011

EFSA Journal

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The chemical group 27 defined as 'anthranilate derivatives' consists of two flavouring substances: methyl anthranilate and methyl-N-methylanthranilate. Both compounds are currently authorised for use as flavours in food, and are naturally found in various fruits and plants. The use of methyl anthranilate and methyl-Nmethylanthranilate in avian species was found contra-indicated. The applicant's proposed use levels of 5 to 25 mg methylanthranilate/kg complete feed are safe in the other species with a margin of safety up to three. For methyl-N-methylanthranilate, the proposed upper use level of 5 mg/kg feed is not safe for piglets, therefore the highest feed concentration safe for all animals species other than avian species is 4 mg/kg complete feed. Considering the absent or very low margin of safety, the simultaneous administration of either substance in feed and water for drinking, and the simultaneous use of both compounds are not considered safe without a proportional reduction in their concentration. No residues of safety concern derived from methylanthranilic acid and methyl-N-methylanthranilic are to be expected in animal tissues or products. Consequently, the use of these two compounds in animal nutrition would not increase consumer exposure resulting from natural occurrence and food use. No data relevant to an assessment of user safety was made available. The applicant considers that both substances are irritants to the respiratory system, the eyes and the skin. The use of the anthranilate derivatives in animal nutrition is not expected to have a significant impact on the environment. Since the function of both compounds in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary. © European Food SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of methyl anthranilate and methyl-N-methylanthranilate when used as flavour compounds for all animal species. Both compounds belonging to chemical group 27 are currently authorised for use as flavours in food, and are naturally found in various fruits and essential oil plants.Because of the neurotoxic effects in birds, the use of methyl anthranilate and methyl-Nmethylanthranilate as a flavour in avian species is contra-indicated.A calculation based on the lowest NOAEL for each compound showed that the applicant's proposed use levels of 5 to 25 mg methylanthranilate/kg complete feed are safe in the remaining species with a margin of safety up to three. For methyl-N-methylanthranilate, the proposed upper use level of 5 mg/kg feed is not safe for piglets, therefore the highest feed concentration safe for all animal species other than avian species is 4 mg/kg complete feed.Considering the absent or very low margin of safety, (i) the simultaneous administration of either substance in feed and water for drinking, and (ii) the simultaneous use of both compound...

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Metabolism of deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine by the soluble fraction (105000g) from goose liver homogenates

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Toxicokinetics of Atrazine in Embryos of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Toxicokinetics of Atrazine in Embryos of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

In vitro release of bound (nonextractable) atrazine residues from corn plants by chicken liver homogenate and bovine rumen liquor

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of anthranilate derivatives (chemical group 27) when used as flavourings for all animal species

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