Metabolism of dodecyldimethylamine by Pseudomonas MA3

Abstract

Pseudomonas MA3 was isolated from activated sludge on the basis of its capacity to use dodecyldimethylamine as a sole carbon (C) and energy source. Dodecylamine, dodecanal, dodecanoic acid and acetic acid also supported growth of Pseudomonas MA3. Dodecyldimethylamine-grown cells oxidized a wide range of alkylamine derivatives, dodecanal, dodecanoic acid and acetic acid. Degradation of the alkyl chain of dodecyldimethylamine by Pseudomonas MA3 appeared from the stoichiometric liberation of dimethylamine. A dehydrogenase catalysed the cleavage of the Calkyl-N bond. The first intermediate of the proposed degradation pathway, dodecanal, accumulated in the presence of decanal used as a competitive inhibitor. The second intermediate, dodecanoic acid, was formed in the presence of acrylic acid during the degradation of dodecyldimethylamine. Dodecanal was converted into dodecanoic acid by a dehydrogenase and dodecanoic acid was then degraded via the beta oxidation pathway.

Complete degradation of xenobiotic surfactants by consortia of aerobic microorganisms

“…is depicted in Fig. 5 ( Kroon et al 1994). These findings support the view that Calkyt-N fission of alkylamines and alkyltrimethylammonium salts by microorganisms is a general strategy to gain access to the alkyl chains.…”

“…Substrate uptake experiments indicate that dodecanal and dodecanoic acid are intermediates in the biodegradation pathway (Kroon et al 1994). Confirmation was obtained with gas chromatographic detection of dodecanal and dodecanoic acid.…”

“…Next, dimethylamine is demethylated via methylamine to ammonia catalyzed by monooxygenases, dehydrogenases and synthetases (Eady et Bird b Divo & Cardini 1980Divo & Cardini 1980Divo & Cardini 1980Divo & Cardini 1980Divo & Cardini 1980Divo & Cardini 1980Divo & Cardini 1980Divo & Cardini 1980Hales et al 1982Hales et al 1982Hales et al 1982Hales et al 1982Hales et al 1982lchikawaet al 1978 SchSbed et at. t982 Watson & Jones 1979Baggi et al 1977Baggi et al 1977Maki et al 1994van Ginkel & Kroon 1993van Ginkel et al 1992Kroon et al 1994van Ginkel et al 1995Eady& Large 1971;Meiberg & Harder 1979;Hirsch et al 1971).…”

Biodegradation of benzalkonium chlorides singly and in mixtures by a Pseudomonas sp. isolated from returned activated sludge

“…The breakage of C alkyl N bonds produced benzyl dimethyl amine, followed by the removal of a methyl group ( CH 3 ) by Ndemethylation to form benzyl methyl amine [17,19]. The breakage between the C alkyl N bond is the precursor for the access to the nutrient source by microorganisms as described by Bassey and Grigson [15] for benzyl dimethyl hexadecyl ammonium chloride; for benzyl dimethyl alkyl ammonium chloride [17]; for dodecyl dimethyl amine [20], and for alkyl trimethyl ammonium salts [19]. Strain C505 may follow a similar mechanism for the C alkyl N breakage reaction, which might be catalyzed by an oxygen independent dehydrogenase enzyme [15,17].…”

“…Several studies concerning the biodegradation of QACs have been published [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Microorganisms capable of degrading QACs mostly belong to the genus Pseudomonas [14,16,18,20,[22][23][24][25][26].…”