Metabolism of fenvalerate by a chicken liver enzyme preparation

Kinetic and product study of the heterogeneous reactions of NO3 radicals with suspended resmethrin, phenothrin, and fenvalerate particles

“…The first pathway is the ester cleavage that results in the formation of corresponding acid and alcohol (Products I a and II a ), which is a well known enzymatic hydrolysis pathway for most pyrethroids having an ester linkage in plants (Katagi, 2012 It is speculated that the NO 3 -induced cleavage of OAC(CN) bond occurs first and then the 3-phenoxybenzyl moiety generated could be finally oxidized to Product I c via elimination of hydrogen cyanide. Product I c may transform into Products II c and III c , and the similar pathway has been reported elsewhere (Akhtar, 1983;Katagi, 1992;Fujisawa et al, 2009). Product II c might also be formed directly via the NO 3 -induced 3-phenoxyphenyl cleavage from fenvalerate.…”

“…4B cannot be assigned and are not discussed in this paper. Product I c is assigned as 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBacid), which is a common metabolic product in soil, wheat plants, and organisms (Akhtar, 1983;Lee, 1985;Lee et al, 1988). Products II c and III c are speculated to be 3-phenoxyphenol and 4 0 -OH-PBacid respectively, both of which might be the secondary products of Product I c since the intensities of their mass peaks increase synchronously all the way to the maximum while that of Product I c increases at first and then decreases.…”

“…shown to be probably formed by the enzymatic oxidation of Product I c in leaf cell and chicken liver (Akhtar, 1983;Fujisawa et al, 2009). Both Products I c and III c are the principle soil degradation products of fenvalerate and have a lesser accumulation potential than the parent molecule (Lee, 1985).…”

Comparative metabolism and fate of fenvalerate in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and rats (Rattus norwegicus)

“…Fenvalerate was incubated with chicken liver enzyme preparations; cleavage of the ester bond was found to be the predominant route of degradation. However, less than 10% fenvalerate metabolism was observed under the conditions used in this study (Akhtar, 1983).…”

“…Fenvalerate, a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate, is gaining wide acceptance in agricultural usage and is destined for increased use against agricultural, poultry, dairy, and household pests. Its metabolism has been studied in rats and mice (Ohkawa et al, 1979; Kaneko et al, 1981), in dogs (Kaneko et al, 1984), in ruminants (Wszolek et al, 1981), in chickens (Akhtar, 1983) and bobwhite quail (Bradbury and Coats, 1982), and in soil and sediment systems (Ohkawa et al, 1978;Caplan et al, 1984).…”