Metabolism of [<sup>14</sup>C]phenol by sheep, pig and rat

Kao, J.; Bridges, James W.; Faulkner, J. K.

doi:10.3109/00498257909038714

Cited by 44 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Kao et al (1979) reported that phenyl glucuronide and phenyl sulfate were the major metabolites for the rat and sheep, with sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of quinol as the minor constituents. Unlike rodents, sheep were found to excrete phenyl and quinol phosphates.…”

Section: Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated With Phenol

1987

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Phenol, a monohydroxy derivative of benzene, occurs naturally in animal waste and by decomposition of organic wastes. It is also produced by man, originally by fractional distillation of coal tar, but more recently by cumene hydroperoxidation and toluene oxidation. As a result of large production volume and natural sources, occupational and environmental exposure to phenol is likely. Phenol poisoning can occur by skin absorption, vapor inhalation, or ingestion, and, regardless of route of exposure, can result in detrimental health effects. Acute toxicity has been observed in man and experimental animals, resulting in muscle weakness, convulsions, and coma. In addition, studies have shown that although teratogenic effects have not been associated with exposure to phenol by either inhalation or oral route, high doses of phenol are fetotoxic. This paper addresses these studies and others in an attempt to determine if human health is at risk to those levels of phenol present in the environment and workplace. However, because data are limited, further research is necessary to analyze the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of this chemical.

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Section: Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated With Phenol

1987

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“…Enzymic cleavage of sulphate and glucuronic acid conjugates was carried out according to Kao et al (1979). Acid hydrolysis was carried out following the method of Carton et al (1949).…”

Section: Identification Of Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excretion and metabolism of phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 2-methylphenol by the frogsRana temporariaandXenopus laevis

Görge¹,

Beyer²,

Urich³

1987

Xenobiotica

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1. Rana and Xenopus excrete 90-95% dose, and metabolize 50-65% dose of phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 2-methylphenol within 24 h, to about the same extent. 2. Kinetic data for the excretion of phenols from both species fit a two-compartment model. The elimination constants of Rana and Xenopus are not significantly different. 3. Metabolism is mostly conjugation by glucuronidation and sulphation of the original phenols. Additionally, oxidations leading to dihydroxyphenols and benzoic acid from 2-methylphenol, and reduction of 4-nitrophenol occur, followed by conjugation. 4. There is an important difference between the metabolite patterns of Rana and Xenopus in that the latter is unable to glucuronidate phenols. As the amount of metabolites produced is similar in both species. Xenopus compensates for its inability to glucuronidate by increasing other metabolites.

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“…Sulfation is one of the primary routes for conjugation of phenolic compounds in ruminants (Grant, 1948;Kao, Bridges, & Faulkner, 1979;Brewington, Parks, & Schwartz, 1973, 1974. Recent studies in this laboratory indicated that species-related alkylphenols, including p-and m-cresols and 3-and 4-ethylphenols in ruminant milks, were present predominantly as sulphate esters (Lopez & Lindsay, 1993;Kilic & Lindsay, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%