Metabonomic profiling of clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant radish and the assessment of disease-resistant metabolites

Abstract

Plasmodiophora brassicae causes a serious threat to cruciferous plants including radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Knowledge on the pathogenic regularity and molecular mechanism of P. brassicae and radish is limited, especially on the metabolism level. In the present study, clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars were inoculated with P. brassicae Race 4, root hairs initial infection of resting spores (107 CFU/mL) at 24 h post-inoculation and root galls symptom arising at cortex splitting stage were identified on both cultivars. Root samples of cortex splitting stage of two cultivars were collected and used for untargeted metabonomic analysis. We demonstrated changes in metabolite regulation and pathways during the cortex splitting stage of diseased roots between clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars using untargeted metabonomic analysis. We identified a larger number of differentially regulated metabolites and heavier metabolite profile changes in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant counterpart. The metabolites that were differentially regulated in both cultivars were mostly lipids and lipid-like molecules. Significantly regulated metabolites and pathways according to the P value and variable important in projection score were identified. Moreover, four compounds, including ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, imipenem, ginsenoside Rg1, and 6-gingerol, were selected, and their anti-P. brassicae ability and effects on seedling growth were verified on the susceptible cultivar. Except for ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, the remaining could inhibit clubroot development of varing degree. The use of 5 mg/L ginsenoside Rg1 + 5 mg/L 6-gingerol resulted in the lowest disease incidence and disease index among all treatments and enhanced seedling growth. The regulation of pathways or metabolites of carbapenem and ginsenoside was further explored. The results provide a preliminary understanding of the interaction between radish and P. brassicae at the metabolism level, as well as the development of measures for preventing clubroot.

Xanthohumol and echinocystic acid induces PSTVd tolerance in tomato

“…Sample preparation for the liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis was conducted as described by Li et al ( 2022 ). LC–MS analysis, metabolomics data processing, and analysis were conducted according to Li et al ( 2022 ) by LC‐bio Co., Ltd (Huangzhou, China). Metabolites were both detected under a mode of positive ion and negative ion.…”

“…Sample preparation for the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was conducted as described by Li et al (2022). LC-MS analysis, metabolomics data processing, and analysis were conducted according to Li et al (2022) The xanthohumol and echinocystic acid powder was first diluted with a small amount of 95% alcohol, then diluted with ddH 2 O, and finally prepared as an aqueous solution. Shoot terminals of PSTVd infected SC-96 60-day seedlings carrying 1 youngest leaf and a shoot tip with 1 cm in length were harvested and incubated in PCR tubes loading 100 μL of xanthohumol (.0, 65.0, 13.0, or 2.6 mg/L) or echinocystic acid (.0, 2.0, 2.0, or .2 mg/L) aqueous solution; the cut of shoot terminals was immersed in different kinds of solution, each shoot terminal per tube.…”

Host organelles and transporters in underground plant-pathogen interactions

“…Phenolic compounds are also found in cell walls early after P. brassicae infection (Irani et al 2019). Both P. brassicae and V. longisporum cause JA-induced PLANT DEFENSIN 1.2 (PDF1.2) production (Irani et al 2018;Li et al 2022). Defensins are antifungal peptides encoded by the PR12 genes that increase the permeability of pathogen cell membranes, which induces ion leakage that leads to necrotic cell death (Lacerda et al 2014).…”

Testing Effects of Seed Treatments against Clubroot Disease in Various Oilseed Rape Hybrids

“…Also, the relative humidity in the air can have an effect on infection, but it is less pronounced. The relative humidity is usually controlled in growth chambers and greenhouse conditions between 60 to 80% [6,43,44], but a possible effect of this variation has not been researched yet. Moreover, the soil moisture plays a larger role per se [45][46][47] since the pathogenic zoospores are motile and need to find host roots over some range in the soil [48].…”