Metal Allergy in Asia

Goon, Anthony Teik‐Jin

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58503-1_39

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Among clinical groups, which are mainly patients of specialized dermatology clinics, the prevalence of chromium allergy is about 4.2-4.8% in Europe and North America, while it is higher (6-10%) in other countries and continents, Table 1. Compared to other allergens, chromium is among the most frequent, usually among the top 1-20 most frequent allergens in different studies, see references in Table 1 and [91]. Over time, the prevalence of chromium allergy has declined in European and North American countries, but the fraction of leather related chromium allergy has increased.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Chromium Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium and leather: a review on the chemistry of relevance for allergic contact dermatitis to chromium

Hedberg

2020

J Leather Sci Eng

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As other causes decline in importance, chromium-tanned leather has become a more important source for chromium allergy, which affects around 1% of the general population. The aim of this review is to give suggestions on how to minimize the risk of leather-related allergic contact dermatitis, which can be elicited in chromiumallergic persons by hexavalent and trivalent chromium released from leather. Hexavalent chromium is the more potent chromium form and requires a lower skin dose to elicit allergic reactions. It is formed on the surface of some, antioxidant-free, leathers at dry conditions (< 35% relative humidity) and is influenced by the tanning process and other conditions, such as UV irradiation, contact with alkaline solutions, and leather age. Trivalent chromium is the dominant form released from chromium-tanned leather and its released amount is sufficient to elicit allergic reactions in some chromium-allergic individuals when they are exposed repetitively and over longer time (daysmonths). A low initial test result (< 3 mg/kg) for hexavalent chromium with the current standard test (ISO 17075) does not guarantee a low release of chromium from the leather or a low release of hexavalent chromium under typical exposure conditions during the service life of the leather. Information, labels, and certificates regarding leather products are often insufficient to protect chromium-allergic individuals. Correct labelling and information on the possible content of different allergens, as well as different tanning alternatives for certain leather products, are crucial.

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Section: Prevalence Of Chromium Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%