Metal cation-exchanged montmorillonite clay as catalysts for hydroxyalkylation reaction

Jha, Ajay; Garade, A.C.; Shirai, Masayuki; Rode, Chandrashekhar V.

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2012.10.005

Cited by 62 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The retained structure of clay refers to the interlayer clay was not affected by the modification process and it is consistent with what has been studied previously by Fang et al [16] who suggested that the Cu 2+ ions are fixed solely on the outer surface of the clay. A similar observation was also reported in the case of Zn 2+ and Fe 3+ exchanged montmorillonite clay [17]. Whereas, inclusion of metal cations would increase the d values [18,19].…”

Section: X-ray Diffractionsupporting

confidence: 60%

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Cu2+ Montmorillonite K10 Clay Catalyst as a Green Catalyst for Production of Stearic Acid Methyl Ester: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Almadani

Harun

Radzi

et al. 2018

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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Clay catalyst has received much attention to replace the homogeneous catalysts in the esterification reaction to produce fatty acid methyl ester as the source of biodiesel as it is low cost, easily available, as well as environmental friendly. However, the use of unmodified clay, in particular montmorillonite K10 (MMT K10), for the esterification of fatty acids showed that the acid conversion was less than 60% and this is not preferable to the production of biodiesel. In this study, synthesis of stearic acid methyl ester using Cu 2+ -MMT K10 (Cu-MMT K10) was successfully optimized via response surface methodology (RSM) based on 3-variable of Box-Behnken design (BB). The parameters were; reaction time (5-180 minutes), reaction temperature (80-120 o C) and concentration of Cu 2+ in MMT K10 (0.25-1 M). The use of RSM in optimizing the conversion of stearic acid was successfully developed as the actual experimental conversion of stearic acid was found similar to the actual values under the optimum conditions. The model equation predicted that the following conditions would generate the maximum conversion of stearic acid (87.05 % reaction time of 62 minutes, a reaction temperature of 80 o C and catalyst used is 1.0 M Cu-MMT K10. This finding can be considered as green catalytic process as it worked at moderate reaction temperature using low cost clay catalyst with a short reaction time.

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Section: X-ray Diffractionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…1450 cm -1 is related to the Lewis acid site and this peak increased progressively from 0.25 M to 1 M MMT K10 samples indicating an increase in the strength of the Lewis acid site. These peaks assignments were done based on the previous works [7,8,17,18,[21][22][23].…”

Section: Surface Aciditymentioning

confidence: 99%