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Incorporation of both Cu and Ni together into the crystalline lattice of Fe 2 O 3 results in a significant increase in the catalytic activity and also suppresses the methanation reaction in the high-temperature water-gas shift (HT-WGS) reaction. CuNi/Fe 2 O 3 exhibited the highest CO conversion with negligible CH 4 selectivity at the extremely high GHSV of 101 000 h −1 (X CO = 85% at 400°C). The high activity of CuNi/Fe 2 O 3 catalyst is mainly due to the increase in the lattice strain and the decrease in the binding energy of lattice oxygen. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results provide direct evidence for the formation of surface CuNi alloy, which plays a critical role in suppressing the methanation reaction. The detailed characterization by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), XPS, BET, and H 2 temperatureprogrammed reduction (TPR) techniques was used to understand the role of dopants on host iron oxides in the enhancement of catalytic activity for HT-WGS reaction.

Manganese‐doped cobalt mixed oxide (MnCo‐MO) catalyst was prepared by a solvothermal method. The as‐prepared catalyst was characterised by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, O2 temperature‐programmed oxidation and XRD. This catalyst gave 62 % conversion with 83 % selectivity to vanillin in 2 hours for the liquid‐phase air oxidation of vanillyl alcohol without using base. Three different types of metal oxides were observed in the prepared catalyst, which could be identified as Co3O4, Mn3O4 and CoMn2O4. Among these, the tetragonal phase of CoMn2O4 was found to be more active and selective for vanillyl alcohol oxidation than Co3O4 and Mn3O4. High‐resolution TEM characterisation revealed the morphology of MnCo‐MO nanorods with a particle size of 10 nm. Successful recycling of the catalyst was also established in this oxidation reaction.

The high temperature water–gas shift (HT-WGS) reaction was performed using a Co–CeO2 catalyst, prepared through a co-precipitation method.

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