Metal-Mediated Catalytic Polarization Transfer from para Hydrogen to 3,5-Dihalogenated Pyridines

Abstract

The neutral catalysts [IrCl(H) 2 (NHC)(substrate) 2 ] or [IrCl(H) 2 (NHC)(substrate)(sulfoxide)] are used to transfer polarization from para hydrogen (pH 2 ) to 3,5-dichloropyridine and 3,5-dibromopyridine substrates. This is achieved in a rapid, reversible, and low-cost process that relies on ligand exchange within the active catalyst. Notably, the sulfoxide-containing catalyst systems produced NMR signal enhancements between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude larger than its unmodified counterpart. Consequently, this signal amplification by reversible exchange hyperpolarization method can boost the 1 H, 13 C, and 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal intensities by factors up to 4350, 1550, and 46,600, respectively (14.0, 1.3, and 15.4% polarization). In this paper, NMR and X-ray crystallography are used to map the evolution of catalytically important species and provide mechanistic rational for catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, applications in spontaneous radiofrequency amplification by stimulated emission and NMR reaction monitoring are also shown.