Abstract:The COVID19 pandemic has brought global attention to the threat of emerging viruses and
to antiviral therapies, in general. In particular, the high transmissibility and
infectivity of respiratory viruses have been brought to the general public’s
attention, along with the need for highly effective antiviral and disinfectant
materials/products. This study has developed two distinct silver-modified formulations
of redox-active nanoscale cerium oxide (AgCNP1 and AgCNP2). The formulations show
specific antiviral ac… Show more
“…Yet there are also reports showing no effect by CeO 2 nanoparticles on viruses. According to Neal et al [59] 200 mg/l of CeO 2 nanoparticles did not have any signi cant effect on infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 OC43 or rhinovirus RV14 after 6 h incubation. However, after doping of CeO 2 with Ag, antiviral activity of CeO 2 nanoparticles was achieved, according to authors, due to the presence of increased proportion of Ce(III) ions on the nanoparticles surface.…”
Section: Antiviral Activity Of Ceo 2 Nanoparticlesmentioning
confidence: 89%
“…Link et al [68] showed high binding capacity of nanoparticles of CeO 2 for nucleic acids in adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, human immunode ciency virus, and murine leukemia virus [68]. In a similar line, Neal et al [59] proposed that Ag-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles may act via physical interactions between the particles and the membrane of enveloped viruses, leading to disruption of the lipid bilayer of enveloped viruses. In case of non-enveloped viruses, the particles were proposed to interact with virion proteins.…”
Section: Disruption Of Sars-cov-2 Binding To Ace2 Receptor By Nano-ceomentioning
Nanomaterials have been proposed as good candidates for the elimination of viruses due to their multimodal mechanisms of action. Here, we tested the antiviral potential of cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles which is largely unexplored.Two types of nano-CeO2 particles with opposing surface charge, nano-CeO2(+) and nano-CeO2(-), were assessed for their capability to decrease the plaque forming units (PFU) of four enveloped and two non-enveloped viruses during 1 h exposure. Statistically significant antiviral activity of nano-CeO2 towards enveloped coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus A/WSN/1933 was registered already at 20 mg Ce/l. Significant decrease in PFU of other two enveloped viruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV and bacteriophage φ6 was evidenced at 200 mg Ce/l. For all the enveloped viruses the maximum reduction of PFU after 1 h exposure to nano-CeO2 exceeded 2 logs, that has been considered as the lowest biologically meaningful activity in antiviral applications. For most of the enveloped viruses, 1 h exposure to nano-CeO2 resulted in ≥ 4 log reduction in PFU. As expected, the sensitivity of non-enveloped viruses towards nano-CeO2 was significantly lower than that of enveloped viruses. Until the highest tested concentration, 2000 mg Ce/l neither of the nano-CeO2 showed an effect on picornavirus EMCV and only nano-CeO2(-) caused a slight non-monotonic response in MS2 bacteriophage.Parallel testing of antiviral activity of Ce3+ ions and SiO2 nanoparticles allows to conclude that nano-CeO2 activity was due to neither released Ce3+ ions nor nonspecific effects of any nanosized particulate. Interestingly, we did not evidence any significant antiviral activity of Ag nanoparticles at 1 h exposure. This result referred to notably higher antiviral activity of nano-CeO2 compared with nanosilver that has been generally considered as active against viruses. Although exhibiting antiviral effects, the antibacterial activity of nano-CeO2 was very low. These results along with non-existent cytotoxicity nano-CeO2 allow us to propose nano-CeO2 for specific antiviral applications.
“…Yet there are also reports showing no effect by CeO 2 nanoparticles on viruses. According to Neal et al [59] 200 mg/l of CeO 2 nanoparticles did not have any signi cant effect on infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 OC43 or rhinovirus RV14 after 6 h incubation. However, after doping of CeO 2 with Ag, antiviral activity of CeO 2 nanoparticles was achieved, according to authors, due to the presence of increased proportion of Ce(III) ions on the nanoparticles surface.…”
Section: Antiviral Activity Of Ceo 2 Nanoparticlesmentioning
confidence: 89%
“…Link et al [68] showed high binding capacity of nanoparticles of CeO 2 for nucleic acids in adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, human immunode ciency virus, and murine leukemia virus [68]. In a similar line, Neal et al [59] proposed that Ag-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles may act via physical interactions between the particles and the membrane of enveloped viruses, leading to disruption of the lipid bilayer of enveloped viruses. In case of non-enveloped viruses, the particles were proposed to interact with virion proteins.…”
Section: Disruption Of Sars-cov-2 Binding To Ace2 Receptor By Nano-ceomentioning
Nanomaterials have been proposed as good candidates for the elimination of viruses due to their multimodal mechanisms of action. Here, we tested the antiviral potential of cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles which is largely unexplored.Two types of nano-CeO2 particles with opposing surface charge, nano-CeO2(+) and nano-CeO2(-), were assessed for their capability to decrease the plaque forming units (PFU) of four enveloped and two non-enveloped viruses during 1 h exposure. Statistically significant antiviral activity of nano-CeO2 towards enveloped coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus A/WSN/1933 was registered already at 20 mg Ce/l. Significant decrease in PFU of other two enveloped viruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV and bacteriophage φ6 was evidenced at 200 mg Ce/l. For all the enveloped viruses the maximum reduction of PFU after 1 h exposure to nano-CeO2 exceeded 2 logs, that has been considered as the lowest biologically meaningful activity in antiviral applications. For most of the enveloped viruses, 1 h exposure to nano-CeO2 resulted in ≥ 4 log reduction in PFU. As expected, the sensitivity of non-enveloped viruses towards nano-CeO2 was significantly lower than that of enveloped viruses. Until the highest tested concentration, 2000 mg Ce/l neither of the nano-CeO2 showed an effect on picornavirus EMCV and only nano-CeO2(-) caused a slight non-monotonic response in MS2 bacteriophage.Parallel testing of antiviral activity of Ce3+ ions and SiO2 nanoparticles allows to conclude that nano-CeO2 activity was due to neither released Ce3+ ions nor nonspecific effects of any nanosized particulate. Interestingly, we did not evidence any significant antiviral activity of Ag nanoparticles at 1 h exposure. This result referred to notably higher antiviral activity of nano-CeO2 compared with nanosilver that has been generally considered as active against viruses. Although exhibiting antiviral effects, the antibacterial activity of nano-CeO2 was very low. These results along with non-existent cytotoxicity nano-CeO2 allow us to propose nano-CeO2 for specific antiviral applications.
“…Two formulations of cerium oxide were produced with Ag modified surfaces. The physical interaction of cerium oxide nanoparticles with emerging pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus) leads to the disruption of lipid membrane integrity, denaturation of structural viral proteins, and virus encapsidation ( Neal et al, 2021 ). Fig.…”
Section: Various Potential Reported Transition Metal Oxides As Antiviral Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies depicted that Sb 2 O 3 drastically reduced the growth whereas, As 2 O 3 completely inhibited viral multiplication at 10 and 12 ppm. Comparative analysis demonstrated that As 2 O 3 was much more effective to inactivate virus at lower dose of 4–8 ppm as compared to Sb 2 O 3 at 8–12 ppm ( Neal et al, 2021 ). Perovskite La x MnO 3 version (x = 1, 0.95, and 0.9) is well-known for their catalytic properties involving oxidization reactions.…”
Section: Various Potential Reported Transition Metal Oxides As Antiviral Agentsmentioning
Nanotechnology holds huge potential for the prevention of various viral outbreaks that have increased at a disquieting rate over the past decades. Metal oxide nanomaterials with oxidative capability are the effective materials that provide platforms as well as tools for the well understanding of the mechanism, its detection, and treatment of various viral diseases like measles, influenza, herpes, ebola, current COVID-19 etc. In this inclusive review, we survey various previous research articles on different notable photoactive transition metal oxides that possess enough potential to act as antiviral agents for the deactivation of harmful viruses. We investigated and highlighted the plausible photocatalytic oxidative mechanism of photoactive transition metal oxides in degrading viral coatings, genomic RNA using suitable free radical generation. The key finding of the present review article including the discovery of a vision on the suitable photocatalytic transition metal oxides that have been proven to be excellent against harmful viruses and consequently combatting deadly CoV-2 in the environment. This review intends to provide conclusive remarks and a realistic outlook on other advanced photocatalytic metal oxides as a potential solution in battling other similar upcoming pandemics.
“…In study by Neal et al (2021) authors found that silver-modified CeO 2 NPs (AgCNPs) inactivate human coronavirus OC43, and human rhinovirus 14, and has been shown to be promising potential disinfectants (Neal et al, 2021). Nefedova et al (2022) found that CeO 2 NPs with positive, and negative surface charge have significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus A/WSN/1933, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, bacteriophage φ6, whereas they were ineffective against picornavirus EMCV, and negatively charged CeO 2 NPs were slightly active against bacteriophage MS2 (Nefedova et al, 2022).…”
According to the results of the study, the threshold limit values (TLVs) of CeO 2 , and Ce nanoparticles (NPs) for the culture of swine kidney embryonic cell line (SKECL) have been estimated. The TLVs are 0.1 μg/cm 3 for Ce NPs, and 1 μg/cm 3 for CeO 2 NPs. All NPs were non-toxic for white mice at concentration of 2000 mg/kg, which opens up a perspective for the further use of these NPs in the development of antiviral substances. CeO 2 , and Ce NPs have decreased the titer of Teschovirus by 1.46-2 lg 10 TCD 50 / cm 3 at TLVs at all stages of virus reproduction. Sensitivity of the strain Dniprovskyi-34 of species Teschovirus A, serotype Porcine teschovirus 1 (PTV-1), to solvents, proteolytic enzyme trypsin under the presence of CeO 2 , and Ce NPs has been studied. Under the presence of solvents, and trypsin, NPs decreased the infectious titer of the virus slightly by only 0.23 lg 10 TCD 50 /cm 3 . CeO 2 , and Ce NPs have not shown antiviral activity under heating to 50 °C, either with the addition of 1 M solution of MgCl 2 or without it, and did not cause significant decrease of infectious activity of the virus under pH values 2.0, 7.2, and 11.0 within 10 minutes exposition. Ability of CeO 2 , and Ce NPs to interact with viral particles, change their morphology, which can affect infective activity of the virus significantly, has been shown. Addition of CeO 2 , and Ce NPs to the antigen has caused the decrease of the titer of virus-neutralizing antibodies, though it remained high. The results of the studies can be used in development of disinfectants, and antiviral drugs.
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