Metal Nanoparticles Released from Dental Implant Surfaces: Potential Contribution to Chronic Inflammation and Peri-Implant Bone Loss

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting tissues surrounding dental implants. Although it represents a common complication of dental implant treatments, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully described. The aim of this study is to identify the role of titanium nanoparticles released form the implants on the chronic inflammation and bone lysis in the surrounding tissue. We analyzed the in vitro effect of titanium (Ti) particle exposure on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts (FU), evaluating cell proliferation by MTT test and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, in vivo analysis of peri-implant Ti particle distribution, histological, and molecular analyses were performed. Ti particles led to a time-dependent decrease in cell viability and increase in ROS production in both MSCs and FU. Tissue analyses revealed presence of oxidative stress, high extracellular and intracellular Ti levels and imbalanced bone turnover. High expression of ZFP467 and the presence of adipose-like tissue suggested dysregulation of the MSC population; alterations in vessel morphology were identified. The results suggest that Ti particles may induce the production of high ROS levels, recruiting abnormal quantity of neutrophils able to produce high level of metalloproteinase. This induces the degradation of collagen fibers. These events may influence MSC commitment, with an imbalance of bone regeneration.

Presence of ROS in Inflammatory Environment of Peri-Implantitis Tissue: In Vitro and In Vivo Human Evidence

“…By definition, peri-implantitis, according to the current literature [3], is implant sites with clinical signs of inflammations, bleeding on probing, and either probing socket depths 3-5 mm or radiographic proven bone loss or both. Several studies suggest that peri-implant disease is a complex condition, and, in this light, it needs to be thoroughly investigated [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. To this aim, in this work we focused our attention on ROS physiology in severe peri-implantitis.…”

Nanosized Alumina Particle and Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Prevented inflammation and Osteolysis Induced by Titanium Particle via Autophagy and NF-κB Signaling

“…Nowadays, alloy is used for its superior corrosion resistance, and different types of bearing surfaces are available 49,50 . Ti particles released from Ti bulk implant or composites was confirmed by studies, and it was inevitable to apply Ti as a biomaterial, considering its outstanding mechanical property 1,2,13,14,16,17,22 . However, little is known about the interaction existing in different materials 50 .…”

“…In the last 20 years, titanium (Ti) has evolved into one of the most widely used material for implant, tissue engineering, material for drug delivery and composite biomaterials, considered its outstanding mechanical properties 1,[13][14][15][16][17] . Nevertheless, Ti implants have some inherent disadvantages.…”

“…Although the toxicity of Ti particle was proved 5,8,12 , and the Ti particles released from Ti bulk implant or composites was reported by lots of study 1,2,16,22 , it was inevitable to use Ti as an implant material, tissue engineering material, material for drug delivery or particle reinforced composite, considering its outstanding mechanical property 13,14,17 . Therefore, in this study, we are attempting to investigate the potential mechanisms of potential therapy for wear particles-induced osteolysis and explore the biological interaction between Ti and Al-NPs.…”

Osteo-Compatibility of 3D Titanium Porous Coating Applied by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) for a Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty Implant: In Vitro and In Vivo Study

“…In addition, the porous structure of DED is shown to be beneficial in cell adhesion and mechanical stability [12,14]. Recently, however, concerns have arisen over the periprosthetic osteolysis or chronic inflammation that could be caused by CoCr and Ti nanoparticles produced during the fabrication process [15][16][17][18]. To address this concern, a previous study had evaluated biocompatibility of DED Ti-coated on CoCr alloy [12].…”