1985
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/18/19/001
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Metal-non-metal and other interfaces: the role of image interactions

Abstract: Abstract. We argue that many phenomena associated with metal/non-metal interfaces and similar situations with a large dielectric constant mismatch can be understood in terms of the image interactions due to charges in the nonmetal. The effects are additional to the traditional interactions, and are especially significant when no reactions between the phases occur. The image-charge concept allows us to rationalise much apparently unrelated information concerning: (a) the systematics of wetting and non-wetting o… Show more

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Cited by 132 publications
(49 citation statements)
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“…Taking further into account surface relaxation [13], we get for reasonable distances of 2-4 Å between the topmost Cu and the NaCl layer a binding energy in the range of a few tenths of eV, which is comparable with the surface energy of a NaCl(100) surface (0.22 eV per ion pair [14]). The essential difference in ionic layer growth on a flat metal surface or on a corrugated surface can now be described as follows: On a flat surface image charges that are responsible for the binding [3] cannot develop in full magnitude because a strong localization of the electrons causes an increase of their kinetic energy ϳ͓=r͑r͔͒ 2 . On a highly corrugated surface like Cu(311) it is the other way around -by developing image charges the conducting electrons can even decrease their kinetic energy due to a stronger smoothing.…”
Section: (Received 7 September 2000)mentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Taking further into account surface relaxation [13], we get for reasonable distances of 2-4 Å between the topmost Cu and the NaCl layer a binding energy in the range of a few tenths of eV, which is comparable with the surface energy of a NaCl(100) surface (0.22 eV per ion pair [14]). The essential difference in ionic layer growth on a flat metal surface or on a corrugated surface can now be described as follows: On a flat surface image charges that are responsible for the binding [3] cannot develop in full magnitude because a strong localization of the electrons causes an increase of their kinetic energy ϳ͓=r͑r͔͒ 2 . On a highly corrugated surface like Cu(311) it is the other way around -by developing image charges the conducting electrons can even decrease their kinetic energy due to a stronger smoothing.…”
Section: (Received 7 September 2000)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the chemical reactivity of insulators varies, a common feature is their polar nature. In the case of nonreactive alkali halides surface binding is dominated by Coulomb interactions between ionic and/or image charges [3]. Therefore, substrates with polar character will have a strong influence on the growth characteristics.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The magnitude of this virtual charge is related to the two dielectric constants and its position is the mirror image of charge Q considering the interface plane as a reflecting plane. Thus for a charge Q, at a distance D from the interface, the interaction energy is given by : [12]. Using this approach, Stoneham [12] has elucidated why the wetting angle for the non-reactive metal Cu on oxides is not in agreement with van der Waals theory's prediction.…”
Section: (I) In Polar Environmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another example of the usefulness of the image charge method concerns the variation of the wetting angle of water on oxide grown on Si [12,13]. In this case, the van der Waals forces cannot explain why the contact angle for water on the oxide surface changed from nonwetting for no-oxide to wetting for oxide of 40 Å thick.…”
Section: (I) In Polar Environmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Assuming that is sorted out, there are various systematic rules that are found in large databases of metal/oxide systems (Naidich 1981;Eustathopoulos et al 1999). For quite a large number of interesting cases, the adhesion can be understood in terms of the image-charge model (Stoneham & Tasker 1985), in which the major part of the binding comes from the interaction of the charged ions in the oxide with the polarization (image) charges they create in the metal. This relatively simple picture has support from the experiment and from density functional theory, and successfully describes some tricky cases like anodic bonding and dependences on stoichiometry (e.g.…”
Section: (C) the Challenges Of Complexity Of Compositionmentioning
confidence: 99%