Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Agricultural Pollutants in Water

Abstract

Increasing demand for food due to rapid population growth has exerted unprecedented pressure on the global agricultural industry. Agrochemicals are widely used to ensure productivity, leading to the prevalence of legacy and emerging agricultural chemicals in the environment, most of which are toxic and persistent. Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) as a group of novel photocatalytic materials with ultrahigh porosity and tunability have demonstrated high potential for efficient removal of these recalcitrant pollutants. This critical review aims to present the potential of MOF-catalyzed photodegradation of pesticides and antibiotics. Initially, the capabilities of different MOF-based composites to harvest visible light are compared. Examples include MOFs combined with bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX) and graphite oxide (GO). Mechanisms involved in MOF-induced photocatalytic processes such as electron−hole (e − /h + ) separation, generation of reactive species, and degradation pathways of representative pollutants as well as impacts of water chemistry are illustrated in detailed. Research on applying MOF-catalyzed processes is largely in progress, and many more studies with greater mechanistic evaluation are needed to fully assess the potential of such processes to depollute water.

Flexible Zn-MOF with Rare Underlying scu Topology for Effective Separation of C6 Alkane Isomers

“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied for gas storage, − separation, − capture of hazardous chemical species, − catalysis, , conductivity, − luminescence sensing, − and lighting − applications because of their permanent porosity and ease of tunability with regards to their pore shape, size, and chemistry . The facile functionalization of MOFs makes them versatile and attractive materials for numerous applications.…”

“…Currently, the only commercialized solid adsorbent material in use for the separation of C6 isomers is zeolite 5A and serves only as a supplement to the resulting distillates of naphtha from heat-driven distillation. 9,10 Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied for gas storage, 11−13 separation, 14−20 capture of hazardous chemical species, 21−23 catalysis, 24,25 conductivity, 25−28 luminescence sensing, 29−32 and lighting 33−37 applications because of their permanent porosity and ease of tunability with regards to their pore shape, size, and chemistry. 38 The facile functionalization of MOFs makes them versatile and attractive materials for numerous applications.…”

Coordination framework materials fabricated by the self-assembly of Sn(iv) porphyrins with Ag(i) ions for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in wastewater

“…The MOFs have been used as promising photocatalysts because of their ease of synthesis, low cost, high stability in both aqueous and organic solvents, high porosity and suitable surface morphology, low toxicity, and high photosensitivity. 18 Generally, MOFs consist of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands to form one, two, or three-dimensional networks. The usefulness of these porous materials depends mainly on the coordination geometry, free void volumes inside the cavity, and functionality of the active sites.…”

Redox-active benzoquinones as challenging “non-innocent” linkers to construct 2D frameworks and nanostructures with tunable physical properties

“…6–8 CPs are infinite coordination frameworks built by the self-assembly of metal ions and organic linkers to form various architectures in different dimensions. 9–13 MOFs are a subclass of CPs, possessing potential voids that can lead to permanent porosity as a unique feature, which are an important class of materials due to their potential practical applications in various fields such as sensing, 14 adsorption, 15 wastewater treatment, 16 photocatalysis, 17 biomedicine, 18 etc. 19,20…”