Metal/covalent‐organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage applications

Abstract

Many renewable energy technologies, especially batteries and supercapacitors, require effective electrode materials for energy storage and conversion. For such applications, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) have been recently emerged as promising candidates.Their high surface area, organized channel, and multiple functions make them highly versatile and flexible as electrodes, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems. In addition, many MOFs/COFsderived materials tend to possess high conductivity and diverse nanoarchitecture, and can also serve as high-performance electrodes. In this review, we summarize the extensive potentials of both frameworks and their derivatives in a range of devices, including lithium/sodium ion, lithium-sulfur, lithium-oxygen batteries, and supercapacitors. In addition, we discuss the remaining challenges in this area and propose potential solutions for them as well as outline a few possible directions for further development for EES applications.

Porous Dithiine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework as a Dynamic Platform for Covalent Polysulfide Anchoring in Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes

“…Prominent examples of such aromatic heterocycles include dioxin, − phenazine, − oxazole, thiazole, , benzimidazole, or benzo-oxazole linkages which impacts on the energy levels of the resulting material’s band structure. This gives the opportunity to precisely engineer the band gap of the framework via reticular chemistry for targeted use in applications such as photocatalysis, electro-catalysis, electronic devices, and energy storage. − …”

A covalent organic framework with electrodeposited copper nanoparticles – a desirable catalyst for the Ullmann coupling reaction

“…1 These materials possess modular a construct, atomic level tunability, and a high surface area with substantially large micro-mesopores. 2 These features enable COFs to nd applications in various elds such as gas separation and storage, 3-6 chemical sensing, [7][8][9] drug delivery, [10][11][12] energy storage and conversion, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] heterogeneous catalysis [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] etc. COFs serve as heterogeneous catalysts in a wide range of small molecule transformations such as CO 2 conversion, [27][28][29][30][31][32] fructose to furfural conversion, 33 Michael additions, 34 biomimetic reactions, 35 Diels-Alder reactions, 36 phase-transfer reactions, 37 oxidation, [38][39][40][41][42][43] Prins reactions, 44,45 Mannich reactions, 46 and even hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions.…”

Metalated covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to diverse applications

“…[462][463][464] Electrochemical double-layer capacitors store electric energy through charge accumulation at the electrode-electrolyte interface without chemical reactions. 465 As porous materials, COFs have a high specific surface area for providing ample charge storage surface and suitable pore size (1-4 nm) for the transport of solvated ions within the pores, which may help to improve the energy density of electrochemical double-layer capacitors. 466 The earliest COF device capable of pseudocapacitive energy storage was constructed using 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone as the redox active site.…”