METALES PESADOS EN SUELOS DE PLANTACIONES DE CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) EN TRES REGIONES DEL PERÚ

Arévalo‐Gardini, Enrique; Obando-Cerpa, Meyier E.; Zúñiga-Cernades, Luis B.; Arévalo-Hernández, César O.; Baligar, V. C.; He, Zhenli

doi:10.21704/rea.v15i2.747

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…As reported by other studies [16,61], we found a strong correlation between Cd and pH in the soils analyzed here and higher Cd concentrations were evident in alkaline soils in the SM and AM regions. Fertilizers ("Guano de Isla", Sulfomag, dolomite and phosphatic rock) were applied only in the MD and SM regions.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Cadmium Concentrations In Cacao-growing supporting

confidence: 91%

“…These values were similar to those found in agricultural soils of cacao plantations in Ecuador [16], but higher than those reported by Arévalo-Gardini et al [61] in cacao plantations from three productive areas of Peru. According to Arévalo-Gardini et al [61], Cd in the soil was absent in the Huànuco region, while it was broadly present in other regions ranging from 0.01 ± 0.02 mg kg −1 (Cajamarca) to 0.53 ± 0.02 mg kg −1 (Piura).…”

Section: Cadmium Content In Soil Of Cacao Plantations From Different supporting

confidence: 89%

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Soil, Site, and Management Factors Affecting Cadmium Concentrations in Cacao-Growing Soils

Scaccabarozzi

Castillo

Aromatisi³

et al. 2020

Agronomy

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Soil contamination by potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) such as Cadmium (Cd), is a major environmental concern because of its potential implications to human health. Cacao-based products have been identified as food sources with relatively high Cd contents. Here, we assessed Cd concentrations of cacao-growing soils in four major agricultural regions with contrasting climates in Peru, one of the main exporters of cacao products worldwide. At each study site (n = 40) a broad range of potential factors affecting Cd concentration in soils, i.e., site, soil and management, were evaluated. Concentrations of Cd ranged between 1.1–3.2 mg kg−1. Mean values per region were below 2.7 mg kg−1, usually established as upper-limit for non-polluted soils. Cadmium concentrations were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in sites at higher elevations and in a temperate, drier climate. Cadmium correlated positively with pH (r = 0.57; p < 0.05) and was higher (p < 0.001) in alluvial sediments and Leptosols. Management factors (cacao variety, cultivation year, management practices) and agroecology did not affect Cd concentrations directly. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering a broad range of both natural and anthropogenic factors to evaluate Cd concentrations in cacao-growing soils and contribute to effective and sustainable cacao production by improving land management and planning.

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Section: Factors Influencing Cadmium Concentrations In Cacao-growing supporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Cadmium Content In Soil Of Cacao Plantations From Different supporting

confidence: 89%

Soil, Site, and Management Factors Affecting Cadmium Concentrations in Cacao-Growing Soils

Scaccabarozzi

Castillo

Aromatisi³

et al. 2020

Agronomy

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“… 1 IPM are referred to integrated pest management that consist in the optimization of cultural practices [ 15 ], such as removal of sick and diseases infested parts of the tree, adequate pruning,and protection of pods with cooper fungicide in the period of pod development (four times per year between December to March). DAP: Diammonium phosphate, PCl: Potassium chloride.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes affect the availability of nutrients for growing crops either directly by contributing to the availability of nutrients or indirectly by influencing the physical and chemical environment of the soil [ 13 ]. Agroforestry systems integrate trees with agricultural crops [ 14 ] such as cacao or coffee for example [ 11 , 15 ], and have the potential to enhance soil fertility, maintain the soil organic matter status, promote efficient nutrient cycling, reduce erosion, improve water quality, enhance biodiversity, increase a esthetics [ 14 , 16 ], and over the long-term are also sustainable and appropriate for soil fertility conservation and improve soil health, and sequester carbon [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Long Term Improved Natural and Traditional Agroforestry Management Systems of Cacao Genotypes in Peruvian Amazon

et al. 2015

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Growing cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in an agroforestry system generates a productive use of the land, preserves the best conditions for physical, chemical and biological properties of tropical soils, and plays an important role in improving cacao production and fertility of degraded tropical soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of two long term agroforestry systems of cacao management on soil physical and chemical properties in an area originally inhabited by 30 years old native secondary forest (SF). The two agroforestry systems adapted were: improved natural agroforestry system (INAS) where trees without economic value were selectively removed to provide 50% shade and improved traditional agroforestry system (ITAS) where all native trees were cut and burnt in the location. For evaluation of the changes of soil physical and chemical properties with time due to the imposed cacao management systems, plots of 10 cacao genotypes (ICS95, UF613, CCN51, ICT1112, ICT1026, ICT2162, ICT2171, ICT2142, H35, U30) and one plot with a spontaneous hybrid were selected. Soil samples were taken at 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths before the installation of the management systems (2004), and then followed at two years intervals. Bulk density, porosity, field capacity and wilting point varied significantly during the years of assessment in the different soil depths and under the systems assessed. Soil pH, CEC, exchangeable Mg and sum of the bases were higher in the INAS than the ITAS. In both systems, SOM, Ext. P, K and Fe, exch. K, Mg and Al+H decreased with years of cultivation; these changes were more evident in the 0-20 cm soil depth. Overall improvement of SOM and soil nutrient status was much higher in the ITAS than INAS. The levels of physical and chemical properties of soil under cacao genotypes showed a marked difference in both systems.

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“…In the same way, Arévalo et al [11], mentioned that cocoa had a significant growth in recent years in Peru and the presence of heavy metals in soils of these plantations is a potential problem for exports of this product. The objective of this work was to determine the total quantities of heavy metals (especially Cadmium) in soils of cocoa plantations in the main production areas of Peru.…”

Section: Review Of the Literature Related To The Subjectmentioning

confidence: 90%

Study to Determine Levels of Heavy Metals in Cocoa Crops Applied to Inland Areas of Peru: “The case of the Campo Verde-Honoria Tournavista Corridor”

Rosales-Huamaní¹,

Breña-Ore²,

Sespedes-Varkarsel³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The presence of heavy metals in cocoa crops is currently a serious problem for farmers and producers in various regions of Peru. Exports of cocoa and its derivatives to European markets are threatened by possible indications of contamination of heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd) in cocoa beans for export, some at levels higher than those allowed by food regulations established by European Community, which are oriented to consumer protection. The possible sources of cadmium contamination in cocoa crops can be due to natural activities, such as volcanic activities, erosion processes and sedimentation in rocks that contain minerals with a high content of heavy metals (Greenockite, Burnsite, Hawleite, among others), and by anthropogenic activities such as: mining of associated deposits, agriculture (use of fertilizers), smelting of minerals and burning of fossil fuels. Currently, there is no information about contents of heavy metals in areas located in The Campo Verde-Honoria-Tournavista corridor (Ucayali Region and Huanuco Region), due to this, in this work we make a study of this region. A methodology will be used to take cocoa samples from the seed and soil in these areas, and then through chemical analysis, determine the concentrations of heavy metals, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. As a consequence of this study, we determined and concluded that the concentrations of cadmium obtained in soils are slightly higher than European standards allowed. Therefore, with this information we prepare a geochemical cadmium map in soils for the study area, which will help cocoa producers to identify areas that exceed the allowed cadmium values, in order to comply with standards that European Community demands in relation of concentration levels of heavy metals (Cadmium) in chocolate. In this way, we can carry out in the future a mitigation plan for areas with cadmium problems, which allows to reduce their content in order to export the product without any problem. .

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METALES PESADOS EN SUELOS DE PLANTACIONES DE CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) EN TRES REGIONES DEL PERÚ

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Soil, Site, and Management Factors Affecting Cadmium Concentrations in Cacao-Growing Soils

Soil, Site, and Management Factors Affecting Cadmium Concentrations in Cacao-Growing Soils

Changes in Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Long Term Improved Natural and Traditional Agroforestry Management Systems of Cacao Genotypes in Peruvian Amazon

Study to Determine Levels of Heavy Metals in Cocoa Crops Applied to Inland Areas of Peru: “The case of the Campo Verde-Honoria Tournavista Corridor”

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METALES PESADOS EN SUELOS DE PLANTACIONES DE CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) EN TRES REGIONES DEL PERÚ

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Soil, Site, and Management Factors Affecting Cadmium Concentrations in Cacao-Growing Soils

Soil, Site, and Management Factors Affecting Cadmium Concentrations in Cacao-Growing Soils

Changes in Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Long Term Improved Natural and Traditional Agroforestry Management Systems of Cacao Genotypes in Peruvian Amazon

Study to Determine Levels of Heavy Metals in Cocoa Crops Applied to Inland Areas of Peru: &ldquo;The case of the Campo Verde-Honoria Tournavista Corridor&rdquo;

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Study to Determine Levels of Heavy Metals in Cocoa Crops Applied to Inland Areas of Peru: “The case of the Campo Verde-Honoria Tournavista Corridor”