Metallic multilayers at the nanoscale

Nanomaterials by design: a review of nanoscale metallic multilayers

“…The selection of a particular synthesis methodology depends on several factors including: growth rates, growth morphology, residual stresses, impurities, reproducibility and microstructural imperfections, among others. As can be observed from table 1, and in agreement with other reviews [39,142,144], sputtering prevails as the most common synthesis technique for the growth of a wide range of NMM systems. This is partly due to the fact that almost all elements in the periodic table can be sputtered at high deposition rates, and target materials are generally commercially available or can be readly fabricated [39,142,144].…”

“…As can be observed from table 1, and in agreement with other reviews [39,142,144], sputtering prevails as the most common synthesis technique for the growth of a wide range of NMM systems. This is partly due to the fact that almost all elements in the periodic table can be sputtered at high deposition rates, and target materials are generally commercially available or can be readly fabricated [39,142,144]. However, synthesis selection is also highly correlated to the end function of the NMM, which determines the requirements with regard to layer control and definition, i.e.…”

“…The vast number of multilayer systems reported to date were prepared via bottom-up or top-down techniques. Bottom-up methods include electrodeposition (or electroplating) [39,48,109,141] as well as physical vapor deposition methods (PVD) such as electron beam evaporation (thermal evaporation), sputtering, cathodic arc deposition, pulsed laser deposition and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) [5,6,17,23,39,127,[142][143][144]. Electrodeposition is a technique in which metallic ions that are available in an electrolytic solution are reduced and then deposited onto a plating surface.…”

Heterostructured materials: superior properties from hetero-zone interaction

“…Laminate structured and nanograined metals offer potent examples of stress-redistribution in interface-dominated and grain-boundary-dominated metals and alloys. The model assumptions and parameters can be a strong function of the processing, which for laminate structures includes physical vapor deposition techniques such as evaporation, sputtering [34,[193][194][195][196], molecular beam epitaxy [197,198], and electrodeposition [199,200], as well as severe plastic deformation methods [201] such as accumulative roll bonding [41,42,202,203], repeated pressing and rolling [201,204,205], and diffusion bonding and cold rolling [206,207]. Models often assume uniform layer thickness and chemically and structurally sharp interfaces, although the validity of such assumptions depends on the processing method and immiscibility of phases.…”

Misfit strains and phase transformations in layered composite solids

“…However, interphase boundaries as local structural imperfections (plane defects) and sources of misfit strains are capable of causing instability and degradation of the desiredfrom an applications viewpoint-properties of layered composites; see e.g. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. On the other hand, there are technologies which are based on the effects of microstructural and phase transformations at interphase boundaries in layered composites [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”