Metallization of Thermoplastic Polymers and Composites 3D Printed by Fused Filament Fabrication

Romani, Alessia; Mantelli, Andrea; Tralli, Paolo; Turri, Stefano; Levi, Marinella; Suriano, Raffaella

doi:10.3390/technologies9030049

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In detail, different kinds of reinforcement materials have been added to the polymeric matrix in order to improve the properties of the neat thermoplastic polymer. In this way, the final properties of the 3D printed objects, such as adhesiveness, flexibility, conductivity, process capacity, toughness and resistance depend on that of both materials, and, in particular, on the composition of the matrix and the type of reinforcement materials used [ 43 , 79 , 80 ]. For example, metal powders are often used as reinforcing materials [ 72 , 79 , 81 ].…”

Section: Materials For Fff Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, the final properties of the 3D printed objects, such as adhesiveness, flexibility, conductivity, process capacity, toughness and resistance depend on that of both materials, and, in particular, on the composition of the matrix and the type of reinforcement materials used [ 43 , 79 , 80 ]. For example, metal powders are often used as reinforcing materials [ 72 , 79 , 81 ]. Aluminum and iron powders are the most commonly used fillers for PMC, that have ABS, PP and PA as a matrix [ 69 , 72 , 82 ].…”

Section: Materials For Fff Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials

et al. 2022

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Recently, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), one of the most encouraging additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, has fascinated great attention. Although FFF is growing into a manufacturing device with considerable technological and material innovations, there still is a challenge to convert FFF-printed prototypes into functional objects for industrial applications. Polymer components manufactured by FFF process possess, in fact, low and anisotropic mechanical properties, compared to the same parts, obtained by using traditional building methods. The poor mechanical properties of the FFF-printed objects could be attributed to the weak interlayer bond interface that develops during the layer deposition process and to the commercial thermoplastic materials used. In order to increase the final properties of the 3D printed models, several polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been proposed for FFF process. However, even if the mechanical properties greatly increase, these materials are not all biodegradable. Consequently, their waste disposal represents an important issue that needs an urgent solution. Several scientific researchers have therefore moved towards the development of natural or recyclable materials for FFF techniques. This review details current progress on innovative green materials for FFF, referring to all kinds of possible industrial applications, and in particular to the field of Cultural Heritage.

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Section: Materials For Fff Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials For Fff Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials

et al. 2022

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“…Four different batches of minimum two samples were then produced to assess the influence of 3D printing, post-processing, and chromium metallization on the surfaces, as better explained in Section 3.1. The PVD sputtering deposition was carried out by Novellini S.p.a.-Divisione Green Coat with a proprietary process (San Benedetto Po, Italy), following the same procedure used for the metallization of FFF 3D-printed samples [35]. After cleaning the surfaces of the samples with a cloth moistened with isopropyl alcohol, a UV-curable acrylic-based primer named UNILAC UV BC 05 (Cromogenia Units S.A., Barcelona, Spain) was sprayed with an average thickness of 70-80 µm to improve the surface roughness of the 3D printing process.…”

Section: Pvd Sputtering and Surface Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, physical vapor deposition (PVD) sputtering stands out for its coating homogeneity, low processing temperatures, and the use of less dangerous chemicals during the metal deposition [23][24][25][26]. From the literature, different studies explored the deposition of metallic coatings onto 3D-printed thermoplastic substrates processed by FFF [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], whereas a limited number of works focused on the metallization of polymerbased composites [35], or parts obtained by DIW [36]. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no articles related to the metallization of 3D-printed recycled composites were found by using neither FFF nor DIW processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metallization of Recycled Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Processed by UV-Assisted 3D Printing

Romani

Tralli²,

Levi

et al. 2022

Materials

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An ever-growing amount of composite waste will be generated in the upcoming years. New circular strategies based on 3D printing technologies are emerging as potential solutions although 3D-printed products made of recycled composites may require post-processing. Metallization represents a viable way to foster their exploitation for new applications. This paper shows the use of physical vapor deposition sputtering for the metallization of recycled glass fiber-reinforced polymers processed by UV-assisted 3D printing. Different batches of 3D-printed samples were produced, post-processed, and coated with a chromium metallization layer to compare the results before and after the metallization process and to evaluate the quality of the finishing from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. The analysis was conducted by measuring the surface gloss and roughness, analyzing the coating morphology and thickness through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the cross-sections, and assessing its adhesion with cross-cut tests. The metallization was successfully performed on the different 3D-printed samples, achieving a good homogeneity of the coating surface. Despite the influence of the staircase effect, these results may foster the investigation of new fields of application, as well as the use of different polymer-based composites from end-of-life products, i.e., carbon fiber-reinforced polymers.

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“…Metallization is the process of converting a non-conductive material to a conductive one. The desired metallic characteristics to be present in the polymer can be delivered given the metallization procedure [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Electroless Nickel Plating on Rapid Prototyping Model Using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Setyarini

Stefano

Wahyudi

2022

JRM

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Electroless plating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a metallization process that involves a reduction and oxidation reaction between the nickel source and the substrate material. The purpose of this research is to determine the ability of nickel deposition in the nickel electroless plating process with a specific etching time variation. This nickel electroless procedure begins with a chromic acid etching process that can last anywhere from 15 to 55 minutes and is useful for increasing roughness and creating submicroscopic cavities. After the etching process is finished, the surface roughness test is performed with a Mitutoyo SJ-210. Additionally, the activation step is carried out for 5 minutes in order for the polymer to become a conductor, allowing the plating process to proceed. The electroless plating process was then carried out for 55 and 75 minutes, with the goal of depositing nickel metal on the ABS surface. The coating results were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy IRSpirit/ATR-S serial No. A224158/Shimadzu to determine the functional groups formed both before and after the coating process, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the character of the crystal structure, and phase analysis of a solid material using PANalytical type E'xpert Pro, To determine the surface morphology, the Zeiss EVO MA 10 was used to perform scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) at 1000x magnification. The test findings demonstrate that, based on a range of investigations, etching variations of 15,25,35,45, and 55 minutes etching time 55 minutes are the best nickel deposited substrates, as evidenced by EDS data, where this treatment has the largest weight fraction of nickel. As a result, the longer the etching period, the rougher the surface becomes, affecting the capacity of nickel deposition to increase. Furthermore, it can be demonstrated in this investigation that the nickel deposited is in an amorphous form.

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Metallization of Thermoplastic Polymers and Composites 3D Printed by Fused Filament Fabrication

Cited by 14 publications

References 34 publications

A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials

A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials

Metallization of Recycled Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Processed by UV-Assisted 3D Printing

Study of Electroless Nickel Plating on Rapid Prototyping Model Using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

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