Metalworkers’ Material Culture in the Early Iron Age Levant: The Ceramic Assemblage from Site 34 (Slaves’ Hill) in the Timna Valley

Kleiman, Sabine; Kleiman, Assaf; Ben‐Yosef, Erez

doi:10.1080/03344355.2017.1357313

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…They interpreted it as household ceramics and a marker of pastoral-nomadic and tribal desert societies, which was mostly, if not all, imported from the Wadi Araba. Kleiman et al [63] found a similar pattern in the Timna valley and suggested that this pottery is indicative for the second half of the 10th century BCE or slightly earlier.…”

Section: Ages and Sedimentation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The sherd that was encountered at 15 cm depth belongs typologically to the hand-made 'Negebite pottery'. Following earlier descriptions of this type, Amiran, R. [62] summarized the hand-made wares and vessels found in the Negev highlands under this name, but it remained unclear whether they represented a distinctive ceramic tradition that may have appeared and disappeared during a time frame of possibly thousands of years [63]. Gunneweg et al [64] found evidence, from provenance studies, that the Negebite wares were probably mostly not produced in the Negev, but near Wadi Feinan in Jordan and thus imported, and suggested the term "Coarse hand-made ware".…”

Section: Ages and Sedimentation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Character, Rates, and Environmental Significance of Holocene Dust Accumulation in Archaeological Hilltop Ruins in the Southern Levant

et al. 2019

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Loess accumulated in the Negev desert during the Pleistocene and primary and secondary loess remains cover large parts of the landscape. Holocene loess deposits are however absent. This could be due low accumulation rates, lack of preservation, and higher erosion rates in comparison to the Pleistocene. This study hypothesized that archaeological ruins preserve Holocene dust. We studied soils developed on archaeological hilltop ruins in the Negev and the Petra region and compared them with local soils, paleosols, geological outcrops, and current dust. Seven statistically modeled grain size end-members were identified and demonstrate that the ruin soils in both regions consist of mixtures of local and remote sediment sources that differ from dust compositions deposited during current storms. This discrepancy is attributed to fixation processes connected with sediment-fixing agents such as vegetation, biocrusts, and/or clast pavements associated with vesicular layers. Average dust accretion rates in the ruins are estimated to be~0.14 mm/a, suggesting that 30% of the current dust that can be trapped with dry marble dust collectors has been stored in the ruin soils. Deposition amounts and grain sizes do not significantly correlate with wind intensity. However, precipitation may have contributed to dust accretion. A snowstorm in the Petra region delivered a significantly higher amount of sediment than rain or dry deposition. Snowfall dust had a unique particle size distribution relatively similar to the ruin soils. Wet deposition and snow might catalyze dust deposition and enhance fixation by fostering vegetation and crust formation. More frequent snowfall during the Pleistocene may have been an important mechanism of primary loess deposition in the southern Levant.

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Section: Ages and Sedimentation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Ages and Sedimentation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Character, Rates, and Environmental Significance of Holocene Dust Accumulation in Archaeological Hilltop Ruins in the Southern Levant

et al. 2019

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“…Timna is composed of dozens of sites engaged in metal mining and smelting ( Fig 1 ). The material culture of these sites is predominantly industrial, indicating various metalworking procedures [ 31 ], and it has been suggested that most attendant domestic activities—such as cooking—were conducted in ephemeral tent camps outside of the designated smelting sites [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stone-to-metal transition reflected in the Iron Age copper production sites of Timna Valley, Israel

Shimelmitz,

Ben-Yosef

2023

PLoS ONE

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Metalwork was a major technological innovation that displaced stone-tool technologies and transformed human society and the environment. However, our understanding of these processes remains partial. In this paper, we approach the stone-to-metal transition from a novel angle–the presence of flint knapping at metal production sites. Drawing on excavations at the Late Bronze and Iron Age copper smelting sites in Timna Valley, Israel, we demonstrate that systematic production of expedient stone tools was integral to these sites’ industrial operations, placing it at the heart of the very same metal circulation networks that were presumably responsible for its displacement. The observations from Timna, coupled with evidence for the use of chipped stone technology in other early Iron Age metallurgical contexts, support the hypothesis that it was probably both the high accessibility of iron and its qualities that put an end to the stone tool industry. Copper and bronze could not easily fulfill the function of the ad hoc stone tools and were not used to replace stone tools even if they were available and accessible.

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“…In particular, he found an Egyptian temple dedicated to Hathor, the goddess of mining, built at the end of the 14th century BCE for the Egyptian miners (Rothenberg 1972(Rothenberg , 1988: thousands of hieroglyphics, sculptures and jewels brought to light prove its importance (Tebes 2007). Notably, in 2013, the year after Rothenberg's death, the "Central Timna Valley Project", also directed by Ben-Yosef of Tel Aviv University, began, which continues the previous work and includes new excavations and surveys designed to address a number of critical issues in the Late Bronze and Iron Age archaeology of the southern Levant (Ben-Yosef et al 2012, Beyth et al 2013, Sapir-Hen and Ben-Yosef 2014, Erickson-Gini 2014, Kleiman et al 2017, Sukenik et al 2017, Ben-Yosef 2018, Cavanagh et al 2022, David et al 2022a, b, Erickson-Gini 2023.…”

Section: Figure 1 Samson Tears the Lion Apart (Cathedral Of San Loren...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2023

AJMS

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Social Sciences. The aim of the conference is to bring together academics, researchers and professionals in private and public organizations and governments of Politics and International Affairs and other related disciplines. You may participate as stream leader, presenter of one paper, chair of a session or observer. Please submit a proposal using the form available (https://www.atiner.gr/2023/FORM-POL.doc).

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Metalworkers’ Material Culture in the Early Iron Age Levant: The Ceramic Assemblage from Site 34 (Slaves’ Hill) in the Timna Valley

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Character, Rates, and Environmental Significance of Holocene Dust Accumulation in Archaeological Hilltop Ruins in the Southern Levant

Character, Rates, and Environmental Significance of Holocene Dust Accumulation in Archaeological Hilltop Ruins in the Southern Levant

The stone-to-metal transition reflected in the Iron Age copper production sites of Timna Valley, Israel

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