Metamaterial-based sensor for hemoglobin measurements

Abstract

The ratio Oxyhemoglobin to Deoxygenated hemoglobin is an important medical parameter for several diseases diagnostics. In this paper a metamaterial-based sensor, operating in the infrared frequency range, is presented. The structure consists of a planar array of complementary square inclusions. The sensor resonant frequencies are designed to coincide with the main absorbance peaks of Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxygenated hemoglobin, in order to reveal their presence and concentrations. A new analytical model is developed, in order to describe the inclusion resonant behaviour. The structure response is characterized by multiple resonant frequencies, by changing the electromagnetic wave incident angle. The metamaterial resonator is tested through proper full-wave simulations. The structure can be used as a biological sensor with possible applications in medical diagnostics.

Metasurfaces for Advanced Sensing and Diagnostics

“…This difference is used for measurements of the amount of oxygen in patient’s blood. In [98] a MetaSurface has been designed to evaluate the ratio HbO2 to Hb, a crucial medical parameter in the study of several pathological diseases, Figure 3d.…”

Electromagnetic Nanoparticles for Sensing and Medical Diagnostic Applications

“…There are two kind of sensing platforms: ( a 1 ) Direct contact and ( a 2 ) Distance measurements. ( b ) Pulse propagation along dendride 0 of neuron 0 (red line), axon of neuron 100 (gray dashed line), axon of neuron 150 (green line), target neuron soma (black line) and target neuron axon (blue line) [ 71 ]; ( c ) Resonant frequency shift among healthy tissue (step-line), benign tumor (dot) and malignant tissue (straight line); ( d ) Extinction cross-section spectra for glucose concentration measurements; and ( e ) transmission spectra for Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxygenated hemoglobin at reference absorption frequencies [ 72 ].…”

“…The combination of the resonant effect and the additional enhancement of the field plays a crucial role in sensing technology [ 13 ], offering interesting advantages for sensitive and label-free purposes [ 14 , 59 ]: a significant reduction in the structure size and an improvement in resolution and sensitivity to enable the detection of small changes in the dielectric environment [ 60 , 61 ]; tune the response (resonant frequency, amplitude and bandwidth) by tailoring the geometrical parameters to coincide with the absorption peaks of a well selected organic group [ 62 , 63 ]; increase system performances [ 64 ], wireless measurements [ 65 ], material characteristics analysis [ 66 ] and therapy [ 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]; and avoid the employment of markers and eliminate artefacts caused by their use [ 72 ]. …”

Recent advances in metamaterial split-ring-resonator circuits as biosensors and therapeutic agents

“…Luigi La Spada et. al fabricated a metamaterial-based sensor, operating in the infrared frequency range for hemoglobin measurements (Spada et. al, 2012).…”