Metamorphosed Pb–Zn–(Ag) ores of the Keketale VMS deposit, NW China: Evidence from ore textures, fluid inclusions, geochronology and pyrite compositions

Geology, geochronology and isotopic geochemistry of the Xiaoliugou W–Mo ore field in the Qilian Orogen, NW China: Case study of a skarn system formed during continental collision

“…The Au-Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization related to Indosinian collisional orogenesis in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt occurs from ca. 260-204 Ma (Zheng et al, 2012(Zheng et al, , 2013(Zheng et al, , 2015(Zheng et al, , 2016) over a period of 56 million years.…”

Micro-textural and fluid inclusion data constraints on metallic remobilization of the Ashele VMS Cu-Zn deposit, Altay, NW China

“…The Devonian-Carboniferous Ashele, Kelan and Maizi basins are metallogenically fertile, and host the giant Ashele Cu-Zn, Keketale PbZn and Mengku Fe deposits (e.g., Wang et al, 1998;Wan et al, 2010aWan et al, , 2010bWan et al, , 2011Wan et al, , 2012Zheng et al, 2013a), and the Abagong polymetallic belt (e.g., Zhang et al, 2012;Zheng et al, 2012Zheng et al, , 2013bZheng et al, , 2014Zheng et al, , 2015aZheng et al, , 2015bZheng et al, , 2016. These basins constitute a sequence of low-grade metamorphosed terrestrially-sourced turbidites (e.g., Habahe Group), volcanic rocks (e.g., Altay Formation) and volcanic-sedimentary rocks (e.g., Kangbutiebao Formation) and have been considered to form in either a magmatic arc or a rift-related setting (e.g., Wang et al, 1998;Chai et al, 2009;Wan et al, 2011Wan et al, , 2014.…”

“…However, the deformed orebodies exhibit textural features, such as mylonitic, cataclastic and press-solution textures, replacing rim and durchbewegung textures, make them deviate from the primary ones and illustrate that elements remobilization has occurred in the VMS deposit (Cook et al, 1994;Cartwright and Oliver, 2000;Marshall et al, 2000;Gu et al, 2007;Tomkins, 2007;Theart et al, 2010;Zheng et al, 2013a;Zhang et al, 2014;Zhong et al, 2015).…”

“…5A-F). The variety of ore textures indicates that the metals budget in the primary VMS ores was modified because of subsequent deformation and metamorphism (Cook et al, 1994;Cartwright and Oliver, 2000;Marshall et al, 2000;Zheng et al, 2013a).…”

“…They are characterized by mesothermal to hypothermal temperatures, low salinities, and low CO 2 or CH 4 abundances; (4) Their mineralization depth is relatively shallow and generally less than 5 km below the ocean floor; (5) Lastly, the ore-forming metals are derived from the host rocks mostly with only negligible contribution from the upper mantle (Ulrich et al, 2002;Franklin et al, 2005). Several studies have shown that some ancient VMS deposits are strongly deformed because of their affection by orogenic process succeeding their formation, and this can lead to metal remobilization and considerable ore grade enhancement (Cook et al, 1994;Cartwright and Oliver, 2000;Marshall et al, 2000;Gu et al, 2007;Tomkins, 2007;Theart et al, 2010;Zheng et al, 2013a;Zhang et al, 2014;Zhong et al, 2015). However, the mechanism of elemental remobilization in the VMS deposits overprinted by tectono-metamorphism is not yet sufficiently understood.…”