Methamphetamine Use and Sexual Activity Among HIV-Infected Patients in Care—San Francisco, 2004

Mitchell, Samuel J.; Morris, Sheldon R.; Kent, Charlotte K.; Stansell, John; Klausner, Jeffrey D.

doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.502

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, HIV treatment regimens commonly consist of combinations of three and sometimes more drugs (8)(9)(10). In addition, drug abuse is a frequent comorbidity of HIV infection (26)(27)(28). Hence, the brains of many HIV patients are exposed to HIV-1, combinations of ARVs, and psychostimulants, such as METH, at the same time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HIV infection is frequently associated with the use of recreational drugs, such as methamphetamine (METH) (26)(27)(28), and with a reduced adherence to ART regimens (29). METH abuse triggers behavioral symptoms, including agitation, anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, and aggression (26,27,30); a variety of cardiovas-cular problems (31,32); reactive microgliosis (33); and hyperthermia and convulsions (34).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Antiretrovirals, Methamphetamine, and HIV-1 Envelope Protein gp120 Compromise Neuronal Energy Homeostasis in Association with Various Degrees of Synaptic and Neuritic Damage

Sánchez

Varano

Rozieres

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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b HIV-1 infection frequently causes HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).Evidence is accumulating that components of cART can themselves be neurotoxic upon long-term exposure. In addition, abuse of psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine, seems to aggravate HAND and compromise antiretroviral therapy. However, the combined effect of virus and recreational and therapeutic drugs on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, we exposed mixed neuronal-glial cerebrocortical cells to antiretrovirals (ARVs) (zidovudine [AZT], nevirapine [NVP], saquinavir [SQV], and 118-D-24) of four different pharmacological categories and to methamphetamine and, in some experiments, the HIV-1 gp120 protein for 24 h and 7 days. Subsequently, we assessed neuronal injury by fluorescence microscopy, using specific markers for neuronal dendrites and presynaptic terminals. We also analyzed the disturbance of neuronal ATP levels and assessed the involvement of autophagy by using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. ARVs caused alterations of neurites and presynaptic terminals primarily during the 7-day incubation and depending on the specific compounds and their combinations with and without methamphetamine. Similarly, the loss of neuronal ATP was context specific for each of the drugs or combinations thereof, with and without methamphetamine or viral gp120. Loss of ATP was associated with activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and autophagy, which, however, failed to restore normal levels of neuronal ATP. In contrast, boosting autophagy with rapamycin prevented the long-term drop of ATP during exposure to cART in combination with methamphetamine or gp120. Our findings indicate that the overall positive effect of cART on HIV infection is accompanied by detectable neurotoxicity, which in turn may be aggravated by methamphetamine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretrovirals, Methamphetamine, and HIV-1 Envelope Protein gp120 Compromise Neuronal Energy Homeostasis in Association with Various Degrees of Synaptic and Neuritic Damage

Sánchez

Varano

Rozieres

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…For gay men living in urban areas, estimates of methamphetamine use tend to be much higher-from 9.5% to 25%-although sampling issues make precise measurements difficult (for a review, see Mitchell, Morris, Kent, Stansell, & Klausner, 2006). Methamphetamine is a dangerous and highly addictive drug: Adverse mental and physical health effects include memory loss, pulmonary problems, depression, anxiety, psychotic behavior, heart damage, unhealthy weight loss, and severe dental problems (DeSandre, 2006;Meredith, Jaffe, Ang-Lee, & Saxon, 2005;Urbina, 2006;Urbina & Jones, 2004).…”

Section: Background On Methamphetamine Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the prevalence and seriousness of methamphetamine use in certain segments of gay communities (Mitchell et al, 2006), it is likely that GLBT newspapers will give the drug a great deal of attention, just as they did with AIDS (Dearing & Rogers, 1992;Gross, 2001;Streitmatter, 1995). Further, because methamphetamine use has been closely aligned with HIV transmission (Bolding et al, 2006;Halkitis et al, 2006;Halkitis & Parsons, 2002;Halkitis et al, 2001), some of the strategies used to report on AIDS, such as providing readers with treatment and recovery information and explicitly linking the disease to sexual activity, might also be used to report on methamphetamine.…”

Section: The Glbt Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coverage of Methamphetamine in GLBT Newspapers

Schwartz

Willis

2009

Mass Communication and Society

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Research demonstrates that methamphetamine is a serious problem in gay communities. This study examined the framing of methamphetamine in nine gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) newspapers. Results showed that methamphetamine was framed as a ''gay problem,'' that sexual health and solutions frames were prevalent, and that GLBT newspapers covered methamphetamine in a way that is similar to how they covered AIDS in the 1980s. Implications for health campaigns are discussed.

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“…Use of ketamine and GHB is also high among MSM; one study found that 53% of young MSM reported lifetime use of ketamine, and studies of MSM who were circuit-party attendees reported that up to 25% of participants used GHB and 43% used ketamine [7,8]. There are considerably fewer studies of club drug use among heterosexuals either infected with HIV or at high risk for HIV infection, but some studies have shown high rates of club drug use in these populations [9,10]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Club Drugs and HIV Infection: A Review

Mayer

Colfax

Guzman

2006

Clinical Infectious Diseases

119

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Club drug use is common among populations with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and populations at high risk for HIV infection. Club drugs have a myriad of acute and chronic medical consequences. Club drug-related visits to the emergency department and admissions for treatment of substance use have increased dramatically over the past 15 years. Most epidemiological data support the role of club drugs in increasing sexual risk behavior, with some studies demonstrating an independent association between use of certain club drugs and HIV infection. The direct influence of club drugs on progression of HIV disease remains to be determined; however, club drugs may interact with certain retroviral medications and have been associated with decreased adherence to medication. Clinicians should ask all patients about patterns of club drug use, counsel patients about the risks associated with club drug use, and refer patients to appropriate behavioral treatment programs for substance use when clinically indicated.Drugs that are frequently used in dance clubs or at circuit parties or rave parties are known collectively as "club drugs" [1]. Because of the frequent use of club drugs among persons who are at risk for HIV infection or are infected with HIV, this review will include 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as "Ecstasy"), methamphetamine, ketamine, g-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and inhaled nitrites (known as "poppers"). The present article provides a general overview of the epidemiological profile and medical consequences of club drugs and also provides recommendations for clinicians treating patients who use club drugs, emphasizing the implications of club drug use among persons with HIV infection and persons at high risk for HIV infection. OVERVIEW OF CLUB DRUGSUse of club drugs is a public health concern. In 2004, according to the population-based National Survey on Drug Abuse and Health, it was estimated that, in the United States, 1.9 million persons aged у12 years used MDMA and 1.4 million used methamphetamine; in comparison, 1.3 million used crack cocaine and 398,000 used heroin [2]. The burden of club drug use on the health care system is great: the Drug Abuse Warning Network showed that, between 1994 and 2001, emergency department visits associated with MDMA, ketamine, and GHB use increased ∼22-, 35-, and 60-fold, respectively [3].As is the case with substance use in general, club drug use is more prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM), compared with the general population [4]. A population-based study of urban gay men found that, in the 6 months before being interviewed, 20% of the men reported using poppers, 12% reported using MDMA, and 10% reported using methamphetamines; HIV-infected men were more likely to report use of multiple drugs and frequent drug use [5]. A probabilitybased sample of young men (age range, 15-22 years) from 7 cities in the United States found that, in the 6 months before interviews were conducted, 14% of the men reported using poppers, 19% reported using MDMA, a...

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Methamphetamine Use and Sexual Activity Among HIV-Infected Patients in Care—San Francisco, 2004

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

Antiretrovirals, Methamphetamine, and HIV-1 Envelope Protein gp120 Compromise Neuronal Energy Homeostasis in Association with Various Degrees of Synaptic and Neuritic Damage

Antiretrovirals, Methamphetamine, and HIV-1 Envelope Protein gp120 Compromise Neuronal Energy Homeostasis in Association with Various Degrees of Synaptic and Neuritic Damage

Coverage of Methamphetamine in GLBT Newspapers

Club Drugs and HIV Infection: A Review

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